Igraphite yiallotrope ye elemental carbon, apho iathom yekhabhoni nganye irhangqwe zezinye iiathom zekhabhoni ezintathu (ezicwangciswe kwinqatha lobusi njengepateni enehexagons ezininzi) ezidityaniswe ngokudibeneyo ukwenza iiathom ze-covalent.

Igraphite ineempawu ezikhethekileyo ezilandelayo ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esikhethekileyo:

1) Ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu: Indawo yokunyibilika yegraphite yi-3850 ± 50 ℃, kwaye indawo yokubilisa yi-4250 ℃.Nangona emva kokutshiswa yi-arc ye-ultra-high, ukulahleka kwesisindo kuncinci kakhulu, kwaye i-coefficient yokwandiswa kwe-thermal nayo incinci kakhulu.Amandla egraphite ayanda ngobushushu, kwaye kwi-2000 ℃, amandla egraphite aphinda kabini.

I-2) I-Conductivity kunye ne-thermal conductivity: I-conductivity ye-graphite iphindwe kalikhulu kunelo lamaminerali angeyo-metallic jikelele.I-thermal conductivity idlula kwizinto zetsimbi ezifana nentsimbi, intsimbi kunye nelothe.I-conductivity ye-thermal iyancipha ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu, kwaye nakumaqondo aphezulu kakhulu, i-graphite iba yinto yokukhusela.Igraphite inokuqhuba umbane kuba iathom yekhabhoni nganye kwigraphite yenza kuphela iibhondi ezintathu ezidibeneyo kunye nezinye iiathom zekhabhoni, kwaye iathom yekhabhoni nganye isagcina i-electron enye simahla ukudlulisa iintlawulo.

3) Ukuthambisa: Ukusebenza kokuthambisa kwegraphite kuxhomekeke kubungakanani beeflake zegraphite.I-flakes inkulu, i-coefficient ye-friction encinci, kunye nokusebenza ngcono kokuthambisa.

I-4) Ukuzinza kweekhemikhali: I-graphite inozinzo oluhle lweekhemikhali kwiqondo lokushisa, kwaye inokumelana ne-asidi, i-alkali, kunye ne-organic solvent corrosion.

I-5) I-Plastiki: I-graphite inokuqina okulungileyo kwaye inokugutyungelwa kumaphepha amancinci kakhulu.

I-6) Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-Thermal shock: I-graphite inokumelana nokutshintsha kweqondo lokushisa ngaphandle komonakalo xa isetyenziswe kwiqondo lokushisa.Xa iqondo lokushisa litshintsha ngokukhawuleza, umthamo wegraphite awutshintshi kakhulu kwaye awuyi kuqhekeka.

Ukusetyenziswa:
1. Isetyenziswe njengezinto eziphikisayo: I-graphite kunye neemveliso zayo zineempawu zokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kunye namandla aphezulu.Zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwishishini lesinyithi ukwenza iicrucibles zegraphite.Kwi-steelmaking, i-graphite isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njengesixhobo sokukhusela i-ingots zensimbi kunye ne-lining ye-metallurgical furnaces.

2. Njengezinto eziqhubayo: ezisetyenziswa kwishishini lombane ukwenza i-electrode, iibhrashi, ii-carbon rods, iityhubhu zekhabhoni, i-electrodes ekhangayo ye-mercury rectifiers, i-graphite gaskets, iinxalenye zomnxeba, ii-coatings for the television tubes, njl.

3. Njengesixhobo sokuthambisa esingagugiyo: Igraphite isoloko isetyenziswa njenge-lubricant kwishishini lomatshini.Ioyile yokuthambisa kaninzi ayinakusetyenziswa phantsi kwesantya esiphezulu, ubushushu obuphezulu, kunye neemeko zoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ngelixa izixhobo zokunxiba zegraphite zinokusebenza ngaphandle kokuthambisa ioyile ngesantya esiphezulu sokutyibilika kumaqondo obushushu angama-200-2000 ℃.Izixhobo ezininzi ezithutha imidiya ebolileyo zisebenzisa kakhulu izinto zegraphite ukwenza iikomityi zepiston, imisesane yokutywina, kunye neebheringi, ezingadingi ukongezwa kweoyile yokuthambisa ngexesha lokusebenza.I-emulsion ye-graphite iphinda ibe yi-lubricant efanelekileyo yokulungiswa kwesinyithi (umzobo wocingo, umzobo wetyhubhu).
4. Igraphite inozinzo oluhle lweekhemikhali.Igraphite ecutshungulwayo ngokukodwa, eneempawu ezifana nokuxhathisa umhlwa, ukuguquguquka okuhle kwe-thermal, kunye nokungena okuphantsi, isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwimveliso yokutshintsha ubushushu, iitanki zokusabela, i-condensers, iinqaba zokutsha, iinqaba zokufunxa, ii-coolers, izifudumezi, izihluzi kunye nezixhobo zokumpompa.Isetyenziswa kakhulu kumacandelo amashishini afana ne-petrochemicals, i-hydrometallurgy, imveliso ye-asidi-base, i-synthetic fibers, kunye ne-papermaking, inokugcina inani elikhulu lezinto zetsimbi.

Iindidi zegraphite ezingagxumekiyo ziyahluka kwi-corrosion resistance ngenxa yee-resin ezahlukeneyo eziquletheyo.I-Phenolic resin impregnators i-acid resistant kodwa ayinayo i-alkali;I-Furfuryl alcohol resin impregnators zombini i-asidi kunye ne-alkali ukumelana.Ukumelana nokushisa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kuyahluka kwakhona: i-carbon kunye ne-graphite inokumelana ne-2000-3000 ℃ kwindawo yokunciphisa, kwaye iqale i-oxidize kwi-350 ℃ kunye ne-400 ℃ kwindawo ye-oxidizing, ngokulandelanayo;Iindidi zegraphite ezingagxumekiyo ziyohluka kwi-ejenti yokumitha, kwaye iqhelekile ukumelana nobushushu ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-180 ℃ ngokumitha ngephenolic okanye i-furfuryl alcohol.

5. Isetyenziselwa ukuphosa, ukuguqula isanti, ukubumba, kunye nobushushu obuphezulu be-metallurgical materials: Ngenxa ye-coefficient encinci yokwandiswa kwe-thermal ye-graphite kunye nokukwazi ukumelana nokutshintsha kokupholisa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokufudumala, ingasetyenziselwa ukubumba kwi-glassware.Emva kokusebenzisa igraphite, isinyithi esimnyama sinokufumana i-castings enemilinganiselo echanekileyo, indawo egudileyo, kunye nesivuno esiphezulu.Ingasetyenziswa ngaphandle kokucubungula okanye ukucutshungulwa okuncinci, ngaloo ndlela igcina isixa esikhulu sesinyithi.Iinkqubo zesinyithi somgubo ezifana nokuvelisa iialloyi eziqinileyo ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa imathiriyeli yegraphite ukwenza izikhephe zeceramic zokucofa kunye nokuntywila.I-crystal yokukhula i-crucible, i-container yokucoca ingingqi, inkxaso yenkxaso, i-heater induction, njl.Ukongeza, i-graphite ingasetyenziselwa njengebhodi yokugquma i-graphite kunye nesiseko se-vacuum smelting, kunye namacandelo afana ne-high-temperature resistant furnace tubes, iintonga, iipleyiti kunye neegridi.

6. Isetyenziswa kushishino lwamandla eathom kunye nelizwe lokhuselo: Igrafiyithi ineemodareyitha zeneutron ezigqwesileyo ezisetyenziswa kwiireactors zeathom, kwaye iuranium graphite reactors luhlobo olusetyenziswa kakhulu lwereactor yeathom.Izinto zokunciphisa isantya ezisetyenziswa kwiireactors zeathom zamandla kufuneka zibe nenqanaba eliphezulu lokunyibilika, uzinzo, kunye nokumelana nokubola, kunye negraphite inokuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo nezi mfuno zingentla.Imfuno yococeko yegraphite esetyenziswa kwiireactors zeathom iphezulu kakhulu, kwaye umxholo wobumdaka awufanele ube ngaphezu kwamashumi eePPM.Ngokukodwa, umxholo we-boron kufuneka ube ngaphantsi kwe-0.5PPM.Kushishino lokhuselo lwesizwe, igraphite ikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza imilomo yeerokethi zamafutha aqinileyo, iicones zempumlo zemijukujelwa, amacandelo ezixhobo zokujonga emajukujukwini, imathiriyeli yokugquma, kunye nemathiriyeli yokunqanda ukusasazeka kwemitha.

7. Igraphite inokuthintela kwakhona ukunyuswa kwebhoyila.Iimvavanyo zeeyunithi ezifanelekileyo zibonise ukuba ukongeza umlinganiselo othile we-graphite powder (malunga ne-4-5 grams ngetoni nganye yamanzi) emanzini kunokuthintela ukunyuswa komphezulu webhoyila.Ukongezelela, ukugqunywa kwegraphite kwiitshimini zentsimbi, uphahla, iibhulorho nemibhobho kunokuthintela umhlwa nomhlwa.

Igraphite ingasetyenziswa njengelothe yepensile, ipigment, kunye nearhente yokupolisha.Emva kokulungiswa okukhethekileyo, igraphite ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izixhobo ezizodwa ezahlukeneyo kumacandelo amashishini afanelekileyo.