Enkosi ngokundwendwela i-Nature.com.Inguqulelo yesikhangeli oyisebenzisayo inenkxaso enyiniweyo ye-CSS.Ngowona mava angcono, sicebisa ukuba usebenzise isikhangeli esihlaziyiweyo (okanye ucime imo yokuhambelana kwi-Internet Explorer).Okwangoku, ukuze uqinisekise inkxaso eqhubekayo, siya kubonisa isayithi ngaphandle kwezitayile kunye neJavaScript.
Izithethe zomdongwe zibonisa isakhelo sentlalo noqoqosho lweenkcubeko ezidlulileyo, ngelixa ukusasazwa kwendawo yobumba kubonisa iipateni zonxibelelwano kunye neenkqubo zokusebenzisana.Izinto eziphathekayo kunye ne-geosciences ziqeshwe apha ukumisela ukukhangela, ukukhethwa kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto eziluhlaza.UBukumkani baseCongo, kumazwe ngamazwe. isaziwa ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, lelinye lawona mazwe adumileyo awayesakuba ngamathanga kuMbindi Afrika. Nangona uphando oluninzi lwezembali luxhomekeke kwiimbali zomlomo nezibhaliweyo zaseAfrika naseYurophu, kusekho izikhewu ezininzi kwindlela esiliqonda ngayo eli candelo lezopolitiko. .Apha sinika ulwazi olutsha malunga nokuveliswa kunye nokujikeleza kwezinto zobumba eBukumkanini baseCongo.Ukwenza iindlela ezininzi zokuhlalutya kwiisampuli ezikhethiweyo, ezizezi XRD, TGA, uhlalutyo lwepetrographic, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS kunye ne-ICP-MS, sizimisele iimpawu zabo zepetrographic, mineralogical and geochemical.Iziphumo zethu zisivumela ukuba sidibanise izinto zakudala ngezinto zendalo kunye nokuseka izithethe ze-ceramic.Sichonge iitemplates zokuvelisa, iipatheni zokutshintshiselana, ukuhanjiswa kunye neenkqubo zokusebenzisana kweempahla ezisemgangathweni ngokusasazwa kolwazi lobugcisa.Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba ipolitiki i-centralization kwingingqi ye-Lower Congo kuMbindi Afrika inempembelelo ngqo kwimveliso yobumba kunye nokujikeleza.Sithemba ukuba isifundo sethu siya kubonelela ngesiseko esihle sokuqhubela phambili izifundo zokuthelekisa ukuze senze lo mmandla.
Ukwenziwa nokusetyenziswa kwezinto zomdongwe kube ngumsebenzi ongundoqo kwiinkcubeko ezininzi, kwaye imeko yayo yezentlalo nezopolitiko ibe nempembelelo enkulu kwintlangano yemveliso kunye nenkqubo yokwenza ezi zinto1,2.Ngaphakathi kwesi sikhokelo, uphando lwe-ceramic lunokuphucula imveliso yethu. ukuqonda uluntu lwangaphambili3,4.Ngokuphonononga iiseramics zakudala, sinokunxibelelanisa iipropathi zazo kwizithethe ezithile zeceramic kunye neepateni ezilandelayo zemveliso1,4,5.Njengoko kubonisiwe nguMatson6, ngokusekelwe kwi-ecology ye-ceramic, ukukhethwa kwezinto eziluhlaza kuhambelana ukufumaneka kwendawo yobutyebi bendalo.Ngaphezu koko, kuthathelwa ingqalelo izifundo ezahlukeneyo ze-ethnographic, i-Whitbread2 ibhekiselele kumathuba angama-84% ophuhliso lobutyebi ngaphakathi kwe-7km yeradiyasi yemvelaphi ye-ceramic, xa kuthelekiswa ne-80% enokwenzeka ngaphakathi kwe-3km radius e-Afrika7. Nangona kunjalo. , kubalulekile ukuba ungakuhoyi ukuxhomekeka kwemibutho yemveliso kwimiba yobugcisa2,3.Ukhetho lobuchwephesha lungaphandwa ngokuphanda unxulumano phakathi kwemathiriyeli, ubuchule kunye nolwazi lobugcisa3,8,9.Uluhlu lweenketho ezinjalo lunokuchaza isithethe seceramic ethile. .Ngeli nqanaba, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-archeology kuphando kuye kwaba negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni ngcono uluntu oludlulileyo3,10,11,12.Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezininzi zokuhlalutya kunokujongana nemibuzo malunga nazo zonke izigaba ezibandakanyekayo ekusebenzeni kwekhonkco, njengobutyebi bendalo. uphuhliso kunye nokukhethwa kwemathiriyeli ekrwada, ukuthengwa nokulungiswa3,10,11,12.
Uphononongo lugxininise kuBukumkani baseCongo, enye yezona zopolitiko zinempembelelo enkulu ekuphuhliseni kuMbindi Afrika.Ngaphambi kokufika kombuso wanamhlanje, uMbindi Afrika wawuquka i-mosaic eyinkimbinkimbi yentlalo-politiki ebonakaliswe yiyantlukwano enkulu yenkcubeko nezopolitiko, kunye nezakhiwo ezihlukeneyo. ukusuka kumacandelo ezopolitiko amancinci naqhekekileyo ukuya kwiinkalo zezopolitiko ezintsonkothileyo nezixinene kakhulu13,14,15.Kule meko yezentlalo nezopolitiko, uBukumkani baseCongo kucingelwa ukuba basekwa ngenkulungwane ye-14 yimibutho emithathu edibeneyo 16, 17. Heyday, yayigubungela indawo ephantse ilingane nommandla ophakathi koLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki ukuya kwintshona yeDemocratic Republic of Congo yangoku (DRC) kunye noMlambo iCuango ngasempuma, kunye nommandla osemantla eAngola namhlanje. I-Latitude yaseLuanda.Yadlala indima ephambili kwingingqi ebanzi ngexesha layo kwaye yafumana uphuhliso olubhekiselele kubunzima obukhulu kunye ne-centralization kude kube yi-14, i-18, i-19, i-20, i-21 yekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo. Ukuhlelwa kwentlalo, imali efanayo, iinkqubo zerhafu , izabelo ezithile zabasebenzi, kunye norhwebo lwamakhoboka18, 19 zibonakalisa imodeli kaEarle yoqoqosho lwezobupolitika22.Ukususela ekusekweni kwayo ukuya kutsho ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17, uBukumkani baseCongo banda kakhulu, yaye ukususela ngowe-1483 ukuya phambili baseka amaqhina aqinileyo neYurophu, yaye koku. indlela inxaxheba kurhwebo lweAtlantiki 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (inkcukacha ethe kratya Bona iSihlomelo 1) ngolwazi lwembali.
Iindlela zemathiriyeli kunye ne-geosciences zisetyenziswe kwizinto zakudala ze-ceramic ezivela kwiindawo ezintathu ze-archaeological kwi-Kingdom of the Congo, apho ukugrunjwa kuye kwenziwa kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, oko kukuthi uMbanza Kongo e-Angola kunye neKindoki kunye neNgongo Mbata eDemocratic Republic of Congo (Fig. 1) (jonga iTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo 1).I-2 kwidatha ye-archaeological) .I-Mbanza Congo, esandul 'ukubhalwa kwi-UNESCO yeLifa leMveli yeLifa leMveli, ifumaneka kwiphondo laseMpemba lolawulo lwamandulo.Ifumaneka kwi-plateau ephakathi ekudibaneni kweendlela eziphambili zorhwebo, yayiyipolitiki kunye nezopolitiko. ikomkhulu lolawulo lobukumkani kunye nesihlalo setrone yokumkani. I-Kindoki kunye neNgongo Mbata zifumaneka kumaphondo aseNsundi naseMbata, ngokulandelanayo, enokuthi ibe yinxalenye yezikumkani ezisixhenxe zaseKongo dia Nlaza ngaphambi kokuba ubukumkani bumiselwe - enye iipolitiki ezidityanisiweyo28,29.Bobabini badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali yobukumkani17.Iziza zakudala zaseKindoki naseNgongo Mbata zikwintlambo ye-Inkisi kwinxalenye esemantla yobukumkani kwaye yayiyenye yeendawo zokuqala ezoyiswa Abaseki bobukumkani.Mbanza Nsundi, ikomkhulu lephondo kunye namabhodlo eJindoki, ngokwesiko lalilawulwa ngabalandela ookumkani bamva baseCongo 17, 18, 30. Iphondo laseMbata libekwe ikakhulu 31 empuma yoMlambo i-Inkisi. Abalawuli baseMbata ( kunye noSoyo) banelungelo lembali lokuba ngabo kuphela abanyulwe kwizidwangube zasekhaya ngokulandelelana, hayi amanye amaphondo apho abalawuli banyulwe lusapho lwasebukhosini, nto leyo ethetha ukuba imali eninzi yokuhlawula amatyala 18,26. capital of Mbata, Ngongo Mbata wadlala indima engundoqo ubuncinci kwinkulungwane ye-17. Ngenxa yendawo yayo yeqhinga kuthungelwano lokurhweba, iNgongo Mbata ibe negalelo kuphuhliso lwephondo njengemarike yorhwebo ebalulekileyo16,17,18,26,31 ,32.
UBukumkani baseCongo kunye namaphondo amathandathu aphambili (iMpemba, iNsondi, iMbata, iSoyo, iMbamba, iMpangu) kwiminyaka yeshumi elinesithandathu neyeshumi elinesixhenxe. Iziza ezintathu ezixutyushwa kolu phando (iMbanza Kongo, iKindoki kunye neNgongo Mbata) ziboniswa imephu.
Ukuza kuthi ga kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, ulwazi lwe-archaeological of the Kingdom of the Congo lwalusikelwe umda33.Ininzi yokuqonda kwimbali yobukumkani isekelwe kwizithethe zomlomo zasekhaya kunye nemithombo ebhaliweyo evela eAfrika naseYurophu16,17. ukunqongophala kwezifundo ezicwangcisiweyo zezinto zakudala34.Ukufunyanwa kwezinto zakudala ukususela ngo-2011 kujolise ekuzaliseni ezi zithuba kwaye kufumanise izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo, iimpawu kunye nezinto zobugcisa. malunga neXesha le-Iron kuMbindi Afrika, iiprojekthi ze-archaeological ezifana nezangoku zinqabile kakhulu37,38.
Sibonisa iziphumo ze-mineralogy, i-geochemical kunye nohlalutyo lwe-petrological yesethi yeziqwenga zomdongwe ezivela kwiindawo ezintathu ezigrunjiweyo zoBukumkani baseCongo (jonga idatha ye-archaeological in Supplementary Material 2) . enye evela kwi-Jindoji Formation kunye nesithathu kwi-King Kong Formation 30, 31, 35.Iqela le-Kindoki libuyela kwixesha lokuqala loBukumkani (i-14 ukuya phakathi kwekhulu le-15) .Kwiendawo ezixutyushwa kule sifundo, i-Kindoki (n = 31 ) yayikuphela kwendawo eyayibonisa iqela le-Kindoki30,35.Iintlobo ezintathu zamaQela e-Kongo - Uhlobo A, Uhlobo C, kunye noHlobo lwe-D - lubuyela emva kobukumkani (ngeenkulungwane ze-16-18) kwaye zikhona ngaxeshanye kwiindawo ezintathu zezinto zakudala ezicatshangelwa apha30 , , 31, 35.Iimbiza zeKongo zohlobo lwe-C ziimbiza zokupheka ezizininzi kuzo zontathu iindawo35.I-pan yohlobo lwe-Kongo A ingasetyenziswa njengepani yokuphakela, imelwe ngamaqhekeza ambalwa kuphela 30, 31, 35.Kongo D-uhlobo iiseramics kufuneka zisetyenziswe kuphela kusetyenziso lwasekhaya - njengoko zingazange zifumaneke emingcwabeni ukuza kuthi ga ngoku - kwaye zinxulunyaniswa neqela elithile elikhethekileyo labasebenzisi30,31,35.Iingceba zazo zikwavela kuphela ngamanani amancinci.Uhlobo A kunye neembiza zikaD wabonisa ukuhanjiswa kwendawo efanayo kwiindawo zaseKindoki naseNgongo Mbata30,31.ENgongo Mbata, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho iziqwenga ezingama-37,013 zohlobo lwe-Kongo C, apho kukho i-193 kuphela i-Kongo Type A fragments kunye ne-168 ye-Kongo Uhlobo lwe-D31.
Imifanekiso yamaqela amane odidi lwezitya zomdongwe zaseCongo ezixutyushwa kwesi sifundo (iQela leKindoki kunye neQela leKongo: Iintlobo A, C, kunye no-D);umboniso womzobo wenkangeleko yawo ngokolandelelwano lwamaxesha kwindawo nganye yezinto zakudala uMbanza Kongo, iKindoki kunye neNgongo Mbata.
I-X-ray Diffraction (XRD), i-Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), uhlalutyo lwePetrographic, i-Vaable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy kunye ne-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), i-X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) kunye ne-Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled I-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) isetyenziselwe ukujongana nemibuzo malunga nemithombo enokubakho yezinto ezibonakalayo kunye neendlela zokuvelisa.Injongo yethu kukuchonga izithethe ze-ceramic kwaye zidibanise kwiindlela ezithile zokuvelisa, ngaloo ndlela ukubonelela ngombono omtsha kwisakhiwo sentlalo enye. kweyona mibutho ibalaseleyo yezopolitiko kuMbindi Afrika.
Imeko yoBukumkani baseCongo icela umngeni ngokukodwa kwizifundo zomthombo ngenxa yokwahluka kunye neenkcukacha zomboniso wendawo yejoloji (umzobo 3) .I-geology yeNgingqi inokuqondwa ngobukho be-geological sedimentary kunye ne-metamorphic sedimentary engaguqukiyo. iWestern Congo Supergroup.Kwindlela esezantsi ukuya phezulu, ulandelelwano luqala ngokutshintshana ngokutshintshana kwe-quartzite-claystone kwi-Sansikwa Formation, ilandelwa yi-Haut Shiloango Formation, ebonakaliswa bubukho be-stromatolite carbonates, kunye ne-Democratic Republic of Congo, i-silica Diatomaceous iiseli zomhlaba zichongiwe kufuphi nezantsi kunye nephezulu yeqela.Iqela le-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire yi-carbonate-argillite assemblage kunye ne-Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization kunye ne-Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization. utshintsho oluncinci lwe-talc-producing dolomite.Oku kubangela ukuba kubekho zombini imithombo ye-calcium kunye ne-talc mineral sources.Iyunithi igutyungelwe yi-Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group equka iibhedi ezibomvu ze-sandy-argillaceous.
Imephu yokwakheka komhlaba yommandla wophononongo.Iziza ezithathu zenzululwazi ngezakudala zibonisiwe kwimephu (iMbanza Congo, iJindoki neNgongombata).Isangqa esijikeleze isiza simele iradiyasi ye-7 km, ehambelana nomthombo wokusetyenziswa kwe-84%2.Imephu ibhekisa kwiDemocratic Republic of the Congo kunye neAngola, kwaye imida iphawulwe.Iimephu zeJoloji (iifayile zemilo kwiSupplement 11) zenziwe kwi-software ye-ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 (iwebhusayithi: https://www.arcgis.com/), ireferensi I-Angolan41 kunye neCongo42,65 iimephu zeGeological (iifayile ze-raster), usebenzisa Yenza imigangatho yokuyila eyahlukeneyo.
Ngaphezulu kokungaqhubeki kwentlenga, iiyunithi zeCretaceous zibandakanya amatye entlenga yelizwekazi anjengelitye lentlabathi kunye ne-claystone.Kufuphi, oku kwakheka komhlaba kwaziwa njengomthombo wesibini wedayimani emva kokukhukuliseka komhlaba yi-Early Cretaceous kimberlite tubes41,42.No more igneous and high-grade metamorphic metamorphic amatye kuye kwabikwa kule ndawo.
Ummandla ojikeleze uMbanza Kongo ubonakaliswe kubukho be-clastic kunye ne-chemical deposits kwi-Precambrian strata, ikakhulukazi i-limestone kunye ne-dolomite ukusuka kwi-Schisto-Calcaire Formation kunye ne-slate, i-quartzite kunye ne-ashwag esuka kwi-Haut Shiloango Formation41.Iyunithi ye-geological ekufutshane kakhulu kwindawo ye-archaeological ye-Jindoji yiHolocene alluvial sedimentary rock kunye nelitye lekalika, isileyiti kunye chert egqunywe feldspar quartzite ye Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group.Ngongo Mbata ibekwe emxinwa ibhanti rock Schisto-Greseux phakathi endala Schisto-Calcaire Group kunye ekufuphi Cretaceous ebomvu sandstone42. Ukongeza, umthombo waseKimberlite obizwa ngokuba yiKimpangu ubikwe kwindawo ebanzi yeNgongo Mbata kufuphi necraton kwingingqi esezantsi yeCongo.
Iziphumo ze-semi-quantitative zezigaba eziphambili zamaminerali ezifunyenwe yi-XRD ziboniswe kwiThebhile 1, kwaye iipatheni ze-XRD ezimele ziboniswe kwi-Figure 4.Quartz (SiO2) yinqanaba eliphambili lamaminerali, elihlala lihambelana ne-potassium feldspar (KalSi3O8) kunye ne-mica. .[Umzekelo, KAl2(Si3Al)O12(OH)2], kunye/okanye i-talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2].Izimbiwa zeplagioclase [XAl(1–2)Si(3–2)O8, X = Na okanye Ca] (okt isodiyam kunye/okanye i-anorthite) kunye ne-amphibole [(X) (0–3)[(Z) (5– 7) (Si, Al) 8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+ , K +, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] zizigaba ezidibeneyo ze-crystalline, Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho i-mica.I-Amphibole idla ngokungabikho kwi-talc.
Iipateni ze-XRD ezimele i-Kongo Kingdom pottery, esekelwe kwizigaba eziphambili zekristale, ezihambelana nohlobo lwamaqela: (i) i-talc-rich components edibene ne-Kindoki Group kunye ne-Kongo Type C iisampulu, (ii) i-talc ecebileyo edibene neisampulu ze-Quartz-ziqulathe amacandelo. Iqela le-Kindoki kunye ne-Kongo Type C iisampulu, (iii) i-feldspar-rich-rich components in Kongo Type A kunye ne-Kongo D isampuli, (iv) i-mica-rich components kwi-Kongo Type A kunye neesampuli ze-Kongo D, ( v) I-Amphibole ecebileyo yamacandelo afunyenwe kwiisampuli ukusuka Kongo Uhlobo lwe-A kunye neKongo Uhlobo lwe-quartz ye-DQ, i-Pl plagioclase, okanye i-potassium feldspar, i-Am amphibole, i-Mca mica, i-Tlc talc, i-Vrm vermiculite.
I-spectra ye-XRD engabonakaliyo ye-talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 kunye ne-pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 ifuna ubuchule bokuncedisa ukuchonga ubukho babo, ukungabikho okanye ukuhlalisana okunokwenzeka.TGA yenziwa kwiisampuli ezintathu ezimele (MBK_S.14, KDK_S.13 kunye ne-KDK_S. I-20) .Ii-TG curves (i-Supplement 3) yayihambelana nobukho besigaba samaminerali e-talc kunye nokungabikho kwe-pyrophyllite.I-dehydroxylation kunye ne-structural decomposition ebonwe phakathi kwe-850 kunye ne-1000 ° C ihambelana ne-talc.Akukho kulahleka kwesisindo phakathi kwe-650 kunye 850 °C, ebonisa ukungabikho kwepyrophyllite44.
Njengenqanaba elincinci, i-vermiculite [(Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3)3[(Al, Si)4O10](OH)2 4H2O], igqitywe ngohlalutyo lwee-aggregates ezijoliswe kwiisampuli ezimele, incopho Ifumaneka kwi-16-7 Å, ichongiwe ikakhulu kwiQela leKindoki kunye neesampuli zeQela leKongo A.
Iisampulu zohlobo lwe-Kindoki Iqela elifunyenwe kwindawo ebanzi malunga neKindoki libonise ukubunjwa kwamaminerali obonakaliswe kubukho be-talc, ubuninzi be-quartz kunye ne-mica, kunye nobukho be-potassium feldspar.
Ukubunjwa kwamaminerali eesampuli ze-Kongo Uhlobo lwe-A lubonakaliswe kubukho benani elikhulu lezibini ze-quartz-mica kwimilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kunye nobukho be-potassium feldspar, i-plagioclase, i-amphibole, kunye ne-mica. ngakumbi kwiisampulu zohlobo lwe-Congo eJindoki naseNgongombata.
Iisampuli ze-Kongo Type C zibonisa ukubunjwa kwamaminerali ahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kweqela lohlobo, elixhomekeke kakhulu kwindawo yezinto zakudala. ukusuka eMbanza Kongo kunye neKindoki, kodwa kule meko ezinye iisampuli zizityebi kwi-talc kunye ne-mica.
I-Kongo uhlobo lwe-D lunokwakheka okungafaniyo kwe-mineralogical kuzo zonke iindawo ezintathu ze-archaeological.Feldspar, ngakumbi i-plagioclase, ininzi kule ntlobo yobumba.I-Amphibole idla ngokubakho ngobuninzi.Imele i-quartz kunye ne-mica.Imali ehambelanayo iyahluka phakathi kweesampuli.I-Talc yafunyanwa kwi-amphibole. -iziqwenga ezityebileyo zohlobo lweqela leMbanza Kongo.
Iiminerali eziphambili ezinobushushu ezichongiweyo ngohlalutyo lwe-petrographic ziyi-quartz, i-feldspar, i-mica kunye ne-amphibole.Ukufakwa kwe-Rock kubandakanya iziqwenga ze-metamorphic ephakathi kunye ne-high-grade metamorphic, igneous kunye ne-sedimentary rocks.Idatha ye-Fabric efunyenwe ngokusebenzisa i-chart ye-reference ye-Orton45 ibonisa udidi lwelizwe ukusuka kwintlupheko. ukuya kokulungileyo, kunye nomlinganiselo we-matrix karhulumente ukusuka kwi-5% ukuya kwi-50%.
Amaqela amahlanu e-lithofacies (i-PGa, i-PGb, i-PGc, i-PGd, kunye ne-PGe) ahlula ngokusekelwe kutshintsho lwesakhiwo kunye ne-mineralogical. Umzobo 5a);Iqela le-PGb: umlinganiselo ophezulu we-matrix epholileyo (20% -30%), i-matrix epholileyo Ukuhlelwa komlilo kubi, iinkozo ezinomsindo zi-angular, kwaye amatye e-metamorphic aphakathi kunye nomgangatho ophezulu anomxholo ophezulu we-silicate elayitiweyo, i-mica kunye nenkulu. ukufakwa kwamatye (umzobo 5b);Iqela le-PGc: umlinganiselo ophezulu ngokwentelekiso we-matrix epholileyo (20 -40%), ilungile ukuya kolungileyo kakhulu ukuhleleka komsindo, amancinane ukuya kwancinci kakhulu angqukuva iinkozo ezinomsindo, iinkozo ezininzi zequartz, i-planar voids (c kumfanekiso wesi-5);Iqela le-PGd: umlinganiselo ophantsi Imatrix epholileyo (5-20​​​%), eneenkozo ezincinci ezipholileyo, ukubandakanywa kwamatye amakhulu, ukuhlelwa kakubi, kunye nokwakheka kwematrix ecolekileyo (d kumfanekiso wesi-5);kunye neqela le-PGe: umlinganiselo ophezulu we-matrix epholileyo (40-50%), ilungile ukuya kuhlobo oluhle kakhulu lomsindo, imilinganiselo emibini yeenkozo ezinobushushu kunye nokwakheka kweeminerali ezahlukeneyo ngokwemiqathango yokushisa (umzobo 5, e) .Umfanekiso 5 ubonisa ummeli optical i-micrograph yeqela le-petrographic.Izifundo ze-Optical zeesampulu zikhokelela ekunxibelelaneni okuqinileyo phakathi kokuhlelwa kohlobo kunye neeseti zepetrographic, ngokukodwa kwiisampuli ezivela kwi-Kindoki kunye ne-Ngongo Mbata (jonga i-Supplementary 4 ye-photomicrographs emele yonke isethi yesampuli).
Ummeli we-micrographs optical of kongo Kingdom izilayi zomdongwe;imbalelwano phakathi kwamaqela epetrographic nawe typological.(a) Iqela lePGa, (b) iqela lePGB, (c) iqela lePGc, (d) iqela lePGd kunye (e) neqela lePGe.
Isampuli ye-Kindoki Formation ibandakanya ukubunjwa kwamatye achazwe kakuhle ahambelana nokubunjwa kwe-PGa.Iisampulu ze-Kongo A-type zihambelana kakhulu kunye ne-PGb lithofacies, ngaphandle kwe-Sampuli ye-Kongo A-NBC_S.4 i-Kongo-A esuka kwi-Ngongo Mbata, ezinxulumene neqela le-PGe ngokulandelelana.Uninzi lweesampuli ze-Kongo ze-C ezivela kwi-Kindoki kunye ne-Ngongo Mbata, kunye neesampuli ze-Kongo C-uhlobo lwe-MBK_S.21 kunye ne-MBK_S.23 esuka eMbanza Kongo yayiyeqela le-PGc. iisampulu zibonisa iimpawu zezinye iilithofacies.Iisampulu zohlobo lwe-Kongo C-MBK_S.17 kunye ne-NBC_S.13 iimpawu zokuthungwa ezikhoyo ezinxulumene namaqela e-PGe.Iisampulu zohlobo lwe-Kongo C MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 kunye ne-MBK_S.14 zenza iqela elilodwa le-lithofacies PGd, ngelixa iisampulu zohlobo lwe-Kongo C-KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 kunye ne-KDK_S.25 zineepropati ezifanayo kwiqela le-PGb.Isampuli ye-Kongo C ye-MBK_S.14 ingathathwa njengengaphandle ngenxa ye-texture clast ene-porous.Phantse zonke iisampuli ze Uhlobo lwe-Kongo D ludibaniswa ne-PGe lithofacies, ngaphandle kweesampuli ze-Kongo D ze-MBK_S.7 kunye ne-MBK_S.15 ezivela eMbanza Kongo, ezibonisa iinkozo ezinkulu ezinobunzima obuphantsi (30%), kufuphi neqela le-PGc.
Iisampulu ezivela kwiindawo ezintathu zezinto zakudala zahlaziywa yi-VP-SEM-EDS ukubonisa ukusasazwa kwe-elemental kunye nokumisela ukubunjwa kwe-elementi ephambili yedatha ye-tendered grains.EDS idatha ivumela ukuchongwa kwe-quartz, i-feldspar, i-amphibole, i-iron oxides (i-hematite), i-titanium oxides (umz. i-rutile), i-titanium iron oxides (ilmenite), i-zirconium silicates (zircon) kunye ne-perovskite neosilicates (garnet). umxholo we-magnesium kwi-Kindoki Formation kunye ne-Kongo A-type izitya inokuchazwa ngokubakho kwe-talc okanye i-magnesium yodongwe amaminerali.Ngokohlalutyo lwe-elemental, i-feldspar iinkozo zihambelana kakhulu ne-potassium feldspar, i-albite, i-oligoclase, kunye ne-labradorite kunye ne-anorthite (I-Supplement). I-5, i-Fig. S8-S10), ngelixa i-amphibole grains i-tremolite Stone, i-actinite, kwimeko ye-Kongo Uhlobo lwesampula ye-NBC_S.3, ilitye elibomvu leqabunga.I-6) kwi-Kongo A-uhlobo (i-tremolite) kunye ne-Kongo D-uhlobo lwe-ceramics (i-actinite) .Ngaphezu koko, kwiindawo ezintathu ze-archaeological, iinkozo ze-ilmenite zazinxulumene ngokusondeleyo kunye neesampuli zohlobo lwe-D. Umxholo ophezulu we-manganese ufumaneka kwiinkozo ze-ilmenite.Nangona kunjalo. , oku akuzange kutshintshe indlela yabo yokutshintsha i-iron-titanium (Fe-Ti) eqhelekileyo (jonga i-Supplementary 5, i-Fig. S11).
Idatha ye-VP-SEM-EDS.Umzobo we-ternary obonisa ukubunjwa okuhlukeneyo kwe-amphibole phakathi kwe-Kongo Uhlobo lwe-A kunye neetanki ze-Kongo D kwiisampuli ezikhethiweyo kwi-Mbanza Kongo (MBK), i-Kindoki (KDK), kunye ne-Ngongo Mbata (NBC);iisimboli ezikhowudiweyo ngamaqela odidi.
Ngokweziphumo ze-XRD, i-quartz kunye ne-potassium feldspar zezona zimbiwa eziphambili kwiisampuli ze-Kongo zohlobo lwe-C, ngelixa ubukho be-quartz, i-potassium feldspar, i-albite, i-anorthite kunye ne-tremolite ziyimpawu ze-Kongo uhlobo lweesampuli ze-A. Iisampuli zohlobo lwe-Kongo D zibonisa ukuba i-quartz , i-potassium feldspar, i-albite, i-oligofeldspar, i-ilmenite kunye ne-actinite zezona zinto zibalulekileyo zezimbiwa.Uhlobo lwe-Kongo A isampuli NBC_S.3 ingathathwa njengento engaphandle ngenxa yokuba i-plagioclase yayo yi-labradorite, i-amphibole yi-orthopamphibole, kwaye ubukho be-ilmenite burekhodwa.Kongo C- isampuli yohlobo lwe-NBC_S.14 ikwaqulethe iinkozo ze-ilmenite (I-Supplementary 5, Figures S12–S15).
Uhlalutyo lwe-XRF lwenziwa kwiisampulu ezimele ezivela kwiindawo ezintathu ze-archaeological ukufumanisa amaqela angundoqo.Izinto eziphambili zokuqamba zidweliswe kwiThebhile 2.Iisampulu ezihlalutyiweyo zibonakaliswe ukuba zizityebi kwi-silica kunye ne-alumina, kunye nokugxilwa kwe-calcium oxide ngaphantsi kwe-6%. ukuxinwa kwe-magnesium kubangelwa ubukho be-talc, ehambelana ngokungafaniyo ne-oxides ye-silicon kunye ne-aluminium oxide.I-sodium oxide ephezulu kunye ne-calcium oxide contents ihambelana nobuninzi be-plagioclase.
Iisampulu zeQela le-Kindoki ezifunyenwe kwindawo ye-Kindoki zibonise ukutyetyiswa okukhulu kwe-magnesia (8-10%) ngenxa yobukho be-talc.Amanqanaba e-Potassium oxide kulolu hlobo lweqela ukusuka kwi-1.5 ukuya kwi-2.5%, kunye ne-sodium (<0.2%) kunye ne-calcium oxide. (< 0.4%) ugxininiso lube ngaphantsi.
Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-iron oxides (7.5-9%) luphawu oluqhelekileyo lweembiza zohlobo lwe-Kongo A. Iisampuli ze-Kongo zohlobo lwe-A ezivela eMbanza Kongo kunye ne-Kindoki zibonise iindawo eziphezulu ze-potassium (3.5-4.5%). -5%) yahlula isampuli ye-Ngongo Mbata kwezinye iisampuli zeqela lohlobo olufanayo.Uhlobo lwe-Kongo A isampuli NBC_S.4 ibonisa ugxininiso oluphezulu kakhulu lwe-iron oxides, ehambelana nobukho bezigaba ze-amphibole mineral.Uhlobo lwe-Kongo A isampuli NBC_S. I-3 ibonise ukugxilwa kwe-manganese ephezulu (1.25%).
I-Silica (i-60-70%) ilawula ukubunjwa kwesampuli ye-Kongo C-type, ehambelana nomxholo we-quartz onqunywe yi-XRD kunye ne-petrography.I-sodium ephantsi (<0.5%) kunye ne-calcium (0.2-0.6%) iziqulatho zabonwa. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-magnesium oxide (i-13.9 kunye ne-20.7%, ngokulandelanayo) kunye ne-iron oxide ephantsi kwi-MBK_S.14 kunye ne-KDK_S.20 iisampulu zihambelana nezimbiwa ze-talc ezininzi. kunye ne-sodium ephezulu, i-magnesium, i-calcium kunye ne-Iron oxide content.I-concentration ephezulu ye-titanium dioxide (1.5%) iyahlula i-Kongo Type C isampula MBK_S.9.
Ukwahluka ekubunjweni kwe-elemental kubonisa iisampuli ze-Kongo zohlobo lwe-D, ezibonisa umxholo we-silica ophantsi kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-sodium (1-5%), i-calcium (1-5%), kunye ne-potassium oxide kuluhlu lwe-44% ukuya kwi-63% (1- 5%) ngenxa yobukho be-feldspar .23 idibaniswe nomxholo ophezulu we-magnesium oxide, ohambelana nokulawula i-amphibole.Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-manganese oxide lufunyenwe kuzo zonke iisampuli zohlobo lwe-Kongo D.
Idatha yento ephambili ibonise ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwe-calcium kunye ne-iron oxides kwi-Kongo uhlobo lwe-A kunye neitanki ze-D, eziye zadibaniswa nokutyebisa i-sodium oxide. isityebi kwi-zirconium kunye nokulungelelaniswa okuphakathi kunye ne-strontium.Icebo le-Rb-Sr (umzobo 7) libonisa umbutho phakathi kwetanki ze-strontium kunye ne-Kongo D-type, kunye naphakathi kwe-rubidium kunye ne-Kongo A-type tanks.Zombini i-Kindoki Group kunye ne-Kongo Uhlobo lwe-C ceramics ziphele zozibini iziqalelo.(Jonga kwanasezongezo 6, iMifanekiso S16-S19).
Idatha ye-XRF.Iploti ye-Scatter Rb-Sr, iisampulu ezikhethiweyo kwiimbiza zoBukumkani baseCongo, ezinombala-ekhowudi liqela lohlobo.Igrafu ibonisa ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwetanki yohlobo lwe-Kongo D kunye ne-strontium naphakathi kwetanki yohlobo lwe-Kongo A kunye ne-rubidium.
Isampulu emele evela kuMbanza Kongo yahlalutywa yi-ICP-MS ukumisela i-trace element kunye nokulandelela ukubunjwa kwezinto, kunye nokufunda ukuhanjiswa kweepatheni ze-REE phakathi kwamaqela odidi.Ukulandelela kunye nezinto ezilandelwayo zichazwe ngokubanzi kwiSihlomelo 7, iThebhile S2. Uhlobo lweKongo. Iisampulu kunye ne-Kongo Type D iisampulu MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, kunye ne-MBK_S.25 zizityebi kwi-thorium. Iitoti zohlobo lwe-Kongo A zibonisa ugxininiso oluphezulu lwe-zinc kwaye zityetyiswe kwi-rubidium, ngelixa i-Kongo D-uhlobo lwetoti ibonisa ukugxila okuphezulu. ye-strontium, eqinisekisa iziphumo ze-XRF (i-Supplementary 7, Figures S21-S23) .Isicwangciso se-La/Yb-Sm/Yb sibonisa ulungelelwaniso kwaye sibonakalisa umxholo we-lanthanum ophezulu kwisampulu ye-Kongo D-tank (Umfanekiso 8).
Idatha ye-ICP-MS.I-Scatter plot ye-La/Yb-Sm/Yb, iisampuli ezikhethiweyo ezivela kwi-Congo Kingdom basin, ikhowudi yombala liqela lohlobo.Isampuli ye-Kongo ye-C ye-MBK_S.14 ayiboniswa kumfanekiso.
I-REEs eqhelekileyo yi-NASC47 ibonakaliswe ngendlela ye-spider plots (Fig. 9) .Iziphumo zibonise ukutyetyiswa kwezinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba (LREEs), ngakumbi kwiisampuli ezivela kwi-Kongo A-type kunye ne-D-type tanks. I-Kongo Type C ibonise ukuguquguquka okuphezulu.I-positive europium anomaly yimpawu yohlobo lwe-Kongo D, kwaye i-cerium anomaly ephezulu ibonakalisa uhlobo lwe-Kongo A.
Kolu phononongo, siye savavanya iseti yeekeramics ezivela kwiindawo ezintathu ze-Archaeological ze-Archaeological ezintathu zaseMbindi Afrika ezinxulumene noBukumkani baseCongo abangamaqela ahlukeneyo e-typological, angamaqela eJindoki kunye neCongo.Iqela leJinduomu limele ixesha langaphambili (ixesha lobukumkani bokuqala) kwaye likhona kuphela. kwindawo ye-archaeological yeJinduomu.Iqela le-Kongo-intlobo ze-A, C, kunye ne-D-zikhoyo kwiindawo ezintathu ze-archaeological ngexesha elinye.Imbali yeQela leKing Kong inokulandelwa kwixesha lobukumkani.Limele ixesha lokudibanisa neYurophu kunye nokutshintshana. iimpahla ngaphakathi nangaphandle koBukumkani baseCongo, njengoko bekunjalo kangangeenkulungwane.Iminwe yeminwe yokuqulunqa kunye nokuthungwa kwamatye yafunyanwa kusetyenziswa indlela yokuhlalutya okuninzi.Eli lixesha lokuqala uMbindi Afrika asebenzise isivumelwano esinjalo.
Iqela leKindoki elihambelanayo lokuqamba kunye nolwakhiwo lweminwe yeminwe ikhomba kwiimveliso zeKindoki ezizodwa.Iqela leKindoki linokunxulumana nexesha apho iNsondi yayiliphondo elizimeleyo leSeven Congo dia Nlaza28,29.Ubukho betalc kunye nevermiculite (imveliso yobushushu obuphantsi ye-talc weathering) kwiQela leJinduoji licebisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziluhlaza zendawo, njengoko i-talc ikhona kwi-geological matrix yesayithi ye-Jinduoji, kwi-Schisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40.Iimpawu zelaphu zolu hlobo lweembiza ezijongwe ngokuhlalutya ukuthungwa zikhomba kwi-non-advanced material ekrwada.
Iimbiza ze-Kongo A-type zabonisa ukuhluka kwe-intra- kunye ne-inter-site yokuqamba. I-Mbanza i-Kongo kunye ne-Kindoki ziphezulu kwi-potassium kunye ne-calcium oxides, ngelixa i-Ngongo Mbata iphezulu kwi-magnesium. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziyahlula kwamanye amaqela e-typological. ukuhambelana ngakumbi kwilaphu, ephawulwe yi-mica paste.Ngokungafaniyo nohlobo lwe-Kongo C, babonisa imixholo ephezulu kakhulu ye-feldspar, i-amphibole kunye ne-iron oxide.Umxholo ophezulu we-mica kunye nobukho be-amphibole ye-tremolite iyabahlula kwi-basin ye-Kongo D-uhlobo. , apho i-actinolite amphibole ichongiwe.
I-Kongo Uhlobo lwe-C lubonisa utshintsho kwi-mineralogy kunye nokwakhiwa kweekhemikhali kunye neempawu zelaphu leendawo ezintathu ze-archaeological sites kunye phakathi kwazo.Oku kuhlukahluka kubangelwa ukuxhaphazwa kwayo nayiphi na imithombo ekhoyo ekrwada kufuphi nemveliso nganye / indawo yokusetyenziswa.Nangona kunjalo, ukufana kwesitayile kwaphunyezwa. ukongeza kwi-tweaks yobugcisa bendawo.
I-Kongo D-uhlobo lunxulumene ngokusondeleyo noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-titanium oxides, olubangelwa ubukho bamaminerali e-ilmenite (i-Supplementary 6, i-Fig. 10), ukwakheka okukhethekileyo okuhambelana nokubunjwa kwe-kimberlite48,49. Ubukho bamatye aseCretaceous continental sedimentary-umthombo wediphozithi yedayimane yesibini emva kokukhukuliseka kwe-pre-Cretaceous kimberlite tubes42-kunye nentsimi yaseKimberlite exeliweyo yaseKimberlite kwi-Lower Congo43 ibonisa ukuba indawo ebanzi Ngongo Mbata inokuba yiCongo (DRC) Umthombo wezinto eziluhlaza zokuvelisa ubumba lwe-D. Oku kuxhaswa ngakumbi ngokubhaqwa kwe-ilmenite kwisampulu enye yeKongo A kunye nesampulu yeKongo yohlobo C kwindawo yaseNgongo Mbata.
Idatha yeVP-SEM-EDS.MgO-MnO isiza sokuchithachitha, iisampulu ezikhethiweyo zakwaMbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) kunye neNgongo Mbata (NBC) kunye neenkozo ezichongiweyo zeilmenite, ebonisa iferromanganese yemanganese-titanium esekwe kuKaminsky kunye nophando lukaBelousova Yam (Mn-ilmenites).
I-Positive Europium anomalies eqatshelwe kwimodi ye-REE yetanki yohlobo lwe-Kongo D (jonga umfanekiso we-9), ngokukodwa kwiisampuli ezineenkozo ezichongiweyo ze-ilmenite (umz., MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, kunye ne-MBK_S.24) , enokuthi inxulumene ne-ultrabasic igneous amatye atyebileyo kwi-anorthite kunye nokugcina i-Eu2 + .Olu lwabiwo lwe-REE lunokuchaza kwakhona ugxininiso oluphezulu lwe-strontium olufumaneka kwiisampuli ze-Kongo D-type (jonga i-Fig. 6) kuba i-strontium ithatha indawo ye-calcium50 kwi-Ca mineral lattice. Umxholo we-lanthanum ophezulu (Umfanekiso 8) ) kunye nokutyetyiswa ngokubanzi kwe-LREEs (Umfanekiso we-9) unokuthi ufakwe kwi-ultrabasic igneous rocks njenge-kimberlite-like geological formations51.
Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zokuqulunqa iimbiza ze-Kongo ezi-D-shaped zidibanisa kumthombo othile wezinto eziluhlaza zendalo, kunye nokufana kwe-inter-site yokuqamba kolu hlobo, ebonisa iziko elilodwa lemveliso yeembiza ze-Kongo D. ukucaciswa kokwakheka, ukuhanjiswa kobungakanani besuntswana elinomsindo lohlobo lwe-Kongo D kubangela amanqaku eceramic anzima kakhulu kwaye abonisa ukwenziwa ngabom kwemathiriyeli ekrwada kunye nolwazi oluphezulu lobugcisa ekuvelisweni kwe-pottery52.Olu phawu lulodwa kwaye luxhasa ngakumbi ukutolikwa kolu hlobo njenge imveliso ejolise kwiqela elithile le-elite labasebenzisi35.Ngokuphathelele le mveliso, i-Clist et al29 icebisa ukuba inokuba yisiphumo sokusebenzisana phakathi kwabenzi bethayile basePortugal kunye nababumbi baseCongo, njengokuba ulwazi olunjalo aluzange luhlangane ngexesha lobukumkani nangaphambili.
Ukungabikho kwezigaba zamaminerali ezisandul 'ukuqulunqwa kwiisampuli ezivela kuzo zonke iindidi zamaqela kubonisa ukusetyenziswa kokushisa okuphantsi kweqondo lokushisa (<950 °C), okuhambelana nezifundo ze-ethnoarchaeological eziqhutywe kule ndawo53,54.Ngaphezu koko, ukungabikho kwe-hematite. kunye nombala omnyama wezinye iziqwenga zomdongwe zibangelwa ukudubula okuncitshisiweyo okanye emva kokudubula4,55.Izifundo ze-Ethnographic kule ndawo zibonise iipropati zokulungisa emva komlilo ngexesha lokwenziwa kobumba55.Imibala emnyama, efumaneka ikakhulu kwiimbiza ze-Kongo D-shaped, ingaba enxulunyaniswa nabasebenzisi ekujoliswe kubo njengenxalenye yobutyebi babo bokuhombisa.Idatha ye-Ethnographic kwimeko ebanzi yaseAfrika iyalixhasa eli bango, njengoko iingqayi ezimnyama zisoloko zijongwa njengeentsingiselo ezithile ezingokomfuziselo.
Uxinzelelo oluphantsi lwe-calcium kwiisampulu, ukungabikho kwe-carbonates kunye / okanye izigaba zabo zeminerali ezisandul 'ukubunjwa zibangelwa ubume be-non-calcareous ye-ceramics57.Lo mbuzo unomdla ngokukodwa kwiisampuli ze-talc-rich (ikakhulu i-Kindoki Group kunye Izitya ze-Kongo Type C) ngenxa yokuba zombini i-carbonate kunye ne-talc zikhona kwi-carbonate-argillaceous assemblage-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mutually.Ukufunwa ngabom kweentlobo ezithile zemathiriyeli ekrwada ukusuka kulwakhiwo olufanayo lwejoloji ibonisa ulwazi oluphezulu lobugcisa olunxulumene ne ukuziphatha okungafanelekanga kodongwe lwe-calcareous xa lutshiswe kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi.
Ukongeza kwi-intra- kunye ne-inter-field compositional kunye ne-rock structure ye-Kongo C pottery, imfuno ephezulu yokusetyenziswa kwe-cookware iye yasivumela ukuba sibeke imveliso ye-Kongo C pottery kwinqanaba loluntu. Nangona kunjalo, umxholo we-quartz kwiindawo ezininzi zaseKongo Iisampulu zohlobo lwe-C zicebisa iqondo lokuhambelana kwimveliso yodongwe ebukumkanini.Ibonisa ukukhetha ngononophelo kwemathiriyeli ekrwada kunye nolwazi oluphezulu lobugcisa olunxulumene nomsebenzi ofanelekileyo nofanelekileyo weQuartz Temper Cooking Pot58.I-Quartz tempering kunye ne-calcium-free materials ibonisa ukuba ukukhetha kunye nokulungiswa kwezinto ezikrwada kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zokusebenza zobugcisa.