Ngokutsho kweSmarTech, inkampani yokubonisana ngetekhnoloji yokuvelisa, i-aerospace lishishini lesibini ngobukhulu elisetyenziswa yi-additive manufacturing (AM), lesibini emva kwezonyango. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho ukungazi kakuhle kwamandla okwenziwa kwezinto ze-ceramic ezidityanisiweyo ekuvelisweni ngokukhawuleza kwezinto ze-aerospace, ukwanda kokuguquguquka kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko. I-AM inokuvelisa iindawo ze-ceramic eziqinileyo nezikhaphukhaphu ngokukhawuleza nangokuzinzileyo- zinciphisa iindleko zomsebenzi, zinciphise ukuhlanganiswa ngesandla, kwaye ziphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza ngoyilo oluphuhliswe ngokumodela, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa ubunzima benqwelo-moya. Ukongeza, iteknoloji ye-ceramic yokuvelisa ezongeziweyo ibonelela ngolawulo olulinganayo lweendawo ezigqityiweyo kwiimpawu ezincinci kune-100 microns.
Nangona kunjalo, igama elithi ceramic lisenokudala ingcamango engafanelekanga yokuba buthathaka. Enyanisweni, iiceramic ezenziwe ngezinto ezongezelelweyo zivelisa iindawo ezikhaphukhaphu nezincinci ezinamandla amakhulu okwakha, ukuqina, kunye nokumelana nobushushu obahlukeneyo. Iinkampani ezijonge phambili zijika ziye kwiinxalenye zokwenza iceramic, kuquka ii-nozzles kunye nee-propellers, ii-insulators zombane kunye nee-turbine blades.
Umzekelo, i-alumina ecocekileyo kakhulu inobunzima obuphezulu, kwaye inokumelana nokugqwala okunamandla kunye nobushushu obuphezulu. Izinto ezenziwe nge-alumina nazo zikhusela ngombane kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu aqhelekileyo kwiinkqubo zeenqwelo-moya.
Iiceramics ezisekwe kwiZirconia zinokuhlangabezana nezicelo ezininzi ezineemfuno ezigqithisileyo zezinto eziphathekayo kunye noxinzelelo olukhulu loomatshini, ezifana nokubumba isinyithi okuphezulu, iivalvu kunye neebheringi. Iiceramics zeSilicon nitride zinamandla aphezulu, ukuqina okuphezulu kunye nokumelana okuhle kobushushu, kunye nokumelana okuhle kweekhemikhali kwi-corrosion yeentlobo ngeentlobo zee-asidi, ii-alkalis kunye neentsimbi ezinyibilikisiweyo. I-Silicon nitride isetyenziselwa ii-insulators, ii-impellers, kunye nee-antennas ze-dielectric eziphantsi kobushushu obuphezulu.
Iiceramics ezidityanisiweyo zibonelela ngeempawu ezininzi ezinqwenelekayo. Iiceramics ezisekwe kwisilicon ezongezwe nge-alumina kunye ne-zircon zibonakalise ukuba zisebenza kakuhle ekwenzeni ii-single crystal castings zeeblades ze-turbine. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-ceramic core eyenziwe ngale nto inobushushu obuphantsi kakhulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,500°C, i-porosity ephezulu, umgangatho ophezulu womphezulu kunye nokuphuma kakuhle. Ukuprinta ezi cores kunokuvelisa uyilo lwe-turbine olunokumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu okusebenza kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenjini.
Kuyaziwa ukuba ukubumba okanye ukubumba izinto zeseramikhi ngenaliti kunzima kakhulu, kwaye ukubumba kubonelela ngokufikelela okulinganiselweyo kwizinto ezenziwayo. Iimpawu ezifana neendonga ezibhityileyo nazo kunzima ukuzibumba.
Nangona kunjalo, iLithoz isebenzisa i-lithography-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM) ukuvelisa izinto ze-ceramic ze-3D ezichanekileyo nezintsonkothileyo.
Ukususela kwimodeli yeCAD, iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha zidluliselwa ngedijithali kwiprinta ye-3D. Emva koko faka umgubo weseramikhi owenziwe ngokuchanekileyo phezulu kwisitya esibonakalayo. Iqonga lokwakha elishukumayo lintywiliselwa eludakeni kwaye emva koko livezwe ngokukhetha ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo okuvela ngaphantsi. Umfanekiso wesalathiso uveliswa sisixhobo se-digital micro-mirror (DMD) esidityaniswe nenkqubo yokubonisa. Ngokuphinda le nkqubo, inxalenye eluhlaza enamacala amathathu inokuveliswa umaleko ngomaleko. Emva konyango emva kobushushu, i-binder iyasuswa kwaye iindawo eziluhlaza ziyasincwa-zidityaniswe nenkqubo yokufudumeza ekhethekileyo-ukuvelisa inxalenye yeseramikhi exineneyo ngokupheleleyo eneempawu ezintle zoomatshini kunye nomgangatho womphezulu.
Itekhnoloji ye-LCM ibonelela ngenkqubo entsha, engabizi kakhulu nekhawulezayo yotyalo-mali lokubumba izixhobo zenjini ye-turbine-idlula ukwenziwa kwesikhunta esibizayo nesinzima esifunekayo ekubumbeni ngenaliti kunye nokubumba nge-wax elahlekileyo.
I-LCM ikwanokufezekisa uyilo olungenakufezwa ngezinye iindlela, ngelixa kusetyenziswa izinto eziluhlaza ezimbalwa kakhulu kunezinye iindlela.
Nangona kukho amandla amakhulu ezinto zodongwe kunye nobuchwepheshe be-LCM, kusekho umsantsa phakathi kwabavelisi bezixhobo zokuqala ze-AM (OEM) kunye nabayili beenqwelo-moya.
Esinye isizathu sisenokuba kukuchasana neendlela ezintsha zokwenza imveliso kumashishini aneemfuno ezingqongqo zokhuseleko kunye nomgangatho. Ukwenziwa kweenqwelo-moya kufuna iinkqubo ezininzi zokuqinisekisa kunye neziqinisekiso, kunye novavanyo olucokisekileyo nolungqongqo.
Esinye isithintelo siquka inkolelo yokuba ukuprinta kwe-3D kulungele kuphela ukwenza iiprototypes ezikhawulezayo kube kanye, endaweni yayo nayiphi na into enokusetyenziswa emoyeni. Kwakhona, oku kukungaqondani, kwaye izinto zeseramikhi eziprintiweyo ze-3D zibonakalisiwe ukuba zisetyenziswa kwimveliso enkulu.
Umzekelo kukwenziwa kwee-turbine blades, apho inkqubo ye-AM ceramic ivelisa ii-single crystal (SX) cores, kunye nee-directional solidification (DS) kunye nee-equiaxed casting (EX) superalloy turbine blades. Ii-cores ezinezakhiwo zamasebe ezintsonkothileyo, iindonga ezininzi kunye nemiphetho elandelelanayo engaphantsi kwe-200μm zinokwenziwa ngokukhawuleza nangokungabizi kakhulu, kwaye izinto zokugqibela zinobuchane obuhambelanayo kunye nokugqitywa okugqwesileyo komphezulu.
Ukuphucula unxibelelwano kunokudibanisa abayili beenqwelo moya kunye nee-AM OEMs kwaye kuthembe ngokupheleleyo izixhobo zeseramikhi ezenziwe kusetyenziswa i-LCM kunye nezinye iitekhnoloji. Ubuchwepheshe kunye nobuchule bukhona. Kufuneka kutshintshe indlela yokucinga ukusuka kwi-AM ukuya kwi-R&D kunye ne-prototyping, kwaye kubonwe njengendlela eya phambili kwizicelo zorhwebo ezinkulu.
Ukongeza kwimfundo, iinkampani zeenqwelo-moya zinokuchitha ixesha kubasebenzi, ubunjineli, kunye novavanyo. Abavelisi kufuneka baqhelane nemigangatho kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvavanya iiseramikhi, kungekhona iintsimbi. Umzekelo, imigangatho emibini ephambili ye-ASTM kaLithoz yeeseramikhi zesakhiwo yi-ASTM C1161 yokuvavanya amandla kunye ne-ASTM C1421 yokuvavanya ukuqina. Le migangatho isebenza kwiiseramikhi eziveliswa zizo zonke iindlela. Kwimveliso yokongeza iseramikhi, inyathelo lokuprinta yindlela nje yokwenza, kwaye iindawo zifumana uhlobo olufanayo lokusila njengeeramikhi zendabuko. Ke ngoko, ulwakhiwo lwe-microstructure lwamacandelo eseramikhi luya kufana kakhulu nomatshini wesiqhelo.
Ngokusekelwe ekuqhubekeni phambili kwezinto kunye netekhnoloji, singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba abayili baya kufumana idatha engaphezulu. Izinto ezintsha zeseramikhi ziya kuphuhliswa kwaye zenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokweemfuno ezithile zobunjineli. Iinxalenye ezenziwe ngeseramikhi ze-AM ziya kugqiba inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa ukuze zisetyenziswe kwi-aerospace. Kwaye ziya kubonelela ngezixhobo zoyilo ezingcono, ezifana nesoftware ephuculweyo yokumodela.
Ngokusebenzisana neengcali zobugcisa ze-LCM, iinkampani zeenqwelo-moya zinokungenisa iinkqubo ze-AM ceramic ngaphakathi-ukufinyeza ixesha, ukunciphisa iindleko, nokudala amathuba ophuhliso lwepropathi yobukrelekrele yenkampani. Ngokubona kwangaphambili kunye nokucwangcisa ixesha elide, iinkampani zeenqwelo-moya ezityala imali kwitekhnoloji ye-ceramic zinokufumana iingenelo ezibalulekileyo kuyo yonke ipotifoliyo yazo yemveliso kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo nangaphezulu.
Ngokuseka intsebenziswano ne-AM Ceramics, abavelisi bezixhobo zokuqala zeenqwelo-moya baza kuvelisa izinto ezazingacingelwanga ngaphambili.
About the author: Shawn Allan is the vice president of additive manufacturing expert Lithoz. You can contact him at sallan@lithoz-america.com.
UShawn Allan uza kuthetha ngobunzima bokuchaza ngempumelelo iingenelo zokwenziwa kwezinto zokongeza izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe kwiCeramics Expo eCleveland, eOhio nge-1 kaSeptemba 2021.
Nangona uphuhliso lweenkqubo zokubhabha ezisebenzisa i-hypersonic lukho kangangeminyaka emininzi, ngoku luye lwaba yeyona nto iphambili kukhuselo lwesizwe sase-US, nto leyo ebangela ukuba eli candelo libe kwimeko yokukhula ngokukhawuleza notshintsho. Njengecandelo elikhethekileyo lezifundo ezininzi, umngeni kukufumana iingcali ezinezakhono ezifunekayo zokukhuthaza uphuhliso lwalo. Nangona kunjalo, xa kungekho zingcali zaneleyo, kudala umsantsa wokuvelisa izinto ezintsha, njengokubeka uyilo lokwenziwa kwezinto (i-DFM) kuqala kwisigaba sophando nophuhliso, uze uguquke ube ngumsantsa wokuvelisa xa sele kudlule ixesha ukwenza utshintsho olungabizi kakhulu.
Iimanyano, ezifana ne-University Alliance for Applied Hypersonics (UCAH) esandul’ ukusekwa, zibonelela ngendawo ebalulekileyo yokukhulisa iitalente ezifunekayo ukuqhubela phambili eli candelo. Abafundi banokusebenza ngokuthe ngqo nabaphandi beyunivesithi kunye neengcali zoshishino ukuphuhlisa itekhnoloji kunye nokuqhubela phambili uphando olubalulekileyo lwe-hypersonic.
Nangona i-UCAH kunye namanye amaqela okhuselo agunyazise amalungu ukuba abandakanyeke kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yobunjineli, kufuneka kwenziwe umsebenzi omninzi ukuze kuphuhliswe iitalente ezahlukeneyo nezinamava, ukusuka kuyilo ukuya kuphuhliso lwezinto ezibonakalayo kunye nokukhetha ukuya kwiindawo zokusebenzela zokuvelisa.
Ukuze kubekho ixabiso elihlala ixesha elide kweli candelo, imanyano yeyunivesithi kufuneka yenze uphuhliso lwabasebenzi lube yinto ephambili ngokuhambelana neemfuno zoshishino, ukubandakanya amalungu kuphando olufanelekileyo kushishino, kunye nokutyala imali kule nkqubo.
Xa kuguqulwa ubuchwepheshe be-hypersonic bube ziiprojekthi ezinkulu ezinokwenziwa, umsantsa wezakhono zabasebenzi bobunjineli kunye nokuvelisa ngowona mceli mngeni mkhulu. Ukuba uphando lwangaphambili aluweli kule ntlambo yokufa ebizwa ngokufanelekileyo—umsantsa phakathi kwe-R&D kunye nokuvelisa, kwaye iiprojekthi ezininzi ezinomdla ziye zasilela—ngoko ke silahlekelwe sisisombululo esifanelekileyo nesinokwenzeka.
Ishishini lemveliso laseMelika linokukhawulezisa isantya se-supersonic, kodwa umngcipheko wokusala ngasemva kukwandisa ubungakanani babasebenzi ukuze balingane. Ke ngoko, urhulumente kunye neqela lophuhliso lweeyunivesithi kufuneka basebenzisane nabavelisi ukuze basebenzise ezi zicwangciso.
Eli shishini lifumene izikhewu zezakhono ukusuka kwiindawo zokusebenzela ukuvelisa ukuya kwiilabhoratri zobunjineli-ezi zikhewu ziya kwanda kuphela njengoko imakethi ye-hypersonic ikhula. Ubuchwepheshe obutsha bufuna abasebenzi abasakhulayo ukuze bandise ulwazi kweli candelo.
Umsebenzi we-Hypersonic ugubungela iindawo ezahlukeneyo ezibalulekileyo zezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo, kwaye indawo nganye inemingeni yayo yobugcisa. Zifuna ulwazi oluphezulu oluneenkcukacha, kwaye ukuba akukho buchule bufunekayo, oku kunokubangela imiqobo kuphuhliso nakwimveliso. Ukuba asinabo abantu abaneleyo bokugcina umsebenzi, kuya kuba nzima ukuhambelana nemfuno yemveliso ekhawulezayo.
Umzekelo, sifuna abantu abanokwakha imveliso yokugqibela. I-UCAH kunye nezinye iimanyano zibalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukwenziwa kwemveliso kwanamhlanje nokuqinisekisa ukuba abafundi abanomdla kwindima yokwenziwa kwemveliso bayabandakanywa. Ngemizamo yophuhliso lwabasebenzi abazinikeleyo esebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, eli shishini liya kukwazi ukugcina ithuba lokukhuphisana kwizicwangciso zokubhabha ze-hypersonic kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo.
Ngokuseka i-UCAH, iSebe lezoKhuselo lidala ithuba lokusebenzisa indlela egxile ngakumbi ekwakheni izakhono kweli candelo. Onke amalungu omdibaniso kufuneka asebenzisane ukuqeqesha izakhono zabafundi ukuze sikwazi ukwakha nokugcina amandla ophando kwaye siwandise ukuze kuveliswe iziphumo ezifunwa lilizwe lethu.
I-NASA Advanced Composites Alliance evaliweyo ngoku ngumzekelo womzamo wophuhliso lwabasebenzi ophumeleleyo. Ukusebenza kwayo kubangelwa kukudibanisa umsebenzi we-R&D kunye nomdla kushishino, okuvumela ukuba izinto ezintsha zande kuyo yonke inkqubo yophuhliso. Iinkokheli zoshishino zisebenze ngokuthe ngqo ne-NASA kunye neeyunivesithi kwiiprojekthi kangangeminyaka emibini ukuya kwemine. Onke amalungu aphuhlise ulwazi lobungcali kunye namava, afunde ukusebenzisana kwindawo engenakhuphiswano, kwaye akhulise abafundi basekholejini ukuze baphuhlise ukukhulisa abadlali ababalulekileyo kushishino kwixesha elizayo.
Olu hlobo lophuhliso lwabasebenzi luzalisa izikhewu kushishino kwaye lubonelela ngamathuba kumashishini amancinci ukuba aphuhlise izinto ezintsha ngokukhawuleza aze ahlukanise intsimi ukuze afezekise ukukhula okuqhubekekayo okukhuthaza ukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko lwezoqoqosho e-US.
Iimanyano zeyunivesithi kuquka i-UCAH zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwicandelo le-hypersonic kunye nomzi-mveliso wokhuselo. Nangona uphando lwabo luye lwakhuthaza izinto ezintsha ezisandula ukwenzeka, ixabiso labo elikhulu lisekukwazini kwabo ukuqeqesha isizukulwana sethu esilandelayo sabasebenzi. Eli qela ngoku kufuneka libeke phambili utyalo-mali kwizicwangciso ezinjalo. Ngokwenza njalo, banokunceda ekukhuthazeni impumelelo yexesha elide ye-hypersonic innovation.
About the author: Kim Caldwell leads Spirit AeroSystems’ R&D program as a senior manager of portfolio strategy and collaborative R&D. In her role, Caldwell also manages relationships with defense and government organizations, universities, and original equipment manufacturers to further develop strategic initiatives to develop technologies that drive growth. You can contact her at kimberly.a.caldwell@spiritaero.com.
Abavelisi beemveliso ezintsonkothileyo nezinobunjineli obuphezulu (ezifana nezixhobo zeenqwelo-moya) bazimisele ukwenza izinto zibe semgangathweni ngalo lonke ixesha. Akukho ndawo yokuqhuba.
Ngenxa yokuba imveliso yeenqwelo-moya inzima kakhulu, abavelisi kufuneka balawule ngononophelo inkqubo yomgangatho, benika ingqalelo enkulu kwinyathelo ngalinye. Oku kufuna ukuqonda okunzulu kwendlela yokulawula nokuziqhelanisa nemiba yemveliso eguquguqukayo, umgangatho, ukhuseleko, kunye nemiba yothungelwano lokubonelela ngelixa behlangabezana neemfuno zomthetho.
Ngenxa yokuba izinto ezininzi zichaphazela ukuhanjiswa kweemveliso ezisemgangathweni ophezulu, kunzima ukulawula ii-odolo zemveliso ezintsonkothileyo nezitshintsha rhoqo. Inkqubo yomgangatho kufuneka ibe nefuthe kuzo zonke iinkalo zokuhlolwa kunye noyilo, imveliso kunye novavanyo. Ngenxa yezicwangciso ze-Industry 4.0 kunye nezisombululo zanamhlanje zokwenza imveliso, le mingeni yomgangatho iye yaba lula ukuyilawula nokuyisombulula.
Ingqwalasela yemveli yokuveliswa kweenqwelo moya ibisoloko ikwizinto ezisetyenziswayo. Umthombo weengxaki ezininzi ezisemgangathweni unokuba kukuqhekeka okubuthathaka, ukugqwala, ukudinwa kwesinyithi, okanye ezinye izinto. Nangona kunjalo, imveliso yeenqwelo moya yanamhlanje ibandakanya ubuchwepheshe obuphambili, obunobungcali obuphezulu obusebenzisa izinto ezinganyangekiyo. Ukuveliswa kwemveliso kusebenzisa iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo nezintsonkothileyo kunye neenkqubo ze-elektroniki. Izisombululo zesoftware yolawulo lwemisebenzi ngokubanzi zisenokungakwazi ukusombulula iingxaki ezinzima kakhulu.
Izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo zinokuthengwa kwi-supply chain yehlabathi, ngoko ke kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngakumbi ukuzidibanisa kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuhlanganisa. Ukungaqiniseki kuzisa imingeni emitsha ekubonakaleni kwe-supply chain kunye nolawulo lomgangatho. Ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wezixhobo ezininzi kangaka kunye neemveliso ezigqityiweyo kufuna iindlela ezingcono nezidibeneyo zomgangatho.
I-Industry 4.0 imele uphuhliso lweshishini lokuvelisa, kwaye kufuneka ubuchwepheshe obuphucukileyo ngakumbi ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno ezingqongqo zomgangatho. Ubuchwepheshe obuxhasayo buquka i-Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), imisonto yedijithali, i-augmented reality (AR), kunye nohlalutyo lokuqikelela.
Umgangatho 4.0 uchaza indlela yomgangatho wenkqubo yokuvelisa eqhutywa yidatha equka iimveliso, iinkqubo, ucwangciso, ukuthobela imithetho kunye nemigangatho. Yakhelwe endaweni yokutshintsha iindlela zomgangatho zemveli, kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe obutsha obufanayo noogxa bayo bemizi-mveliso, kubandakanya ukufunda koomatshini, izixhobo eziqhagamshelweyo, i-cloud computing, kunye nee-digital twins ukuguqula indlela yokusebenza kombutho kunye nokususa iimveliso okanye iinkqubo ezinokwenzeka Iziphene. Ukuvela kwe-Quality 4.0 kulindeleke ukuba kutshintshe ngakumbi inkcubeko yendawo yokusebenza ngokwandisa ukuxhomekeka kwidatha kunye nokusetyenziswa okunzulu komgangatho njengenxalenye yendlela yokudala imveliso iyonke.
Umgangatho 4.0 udibanisa imiba yokusebenza kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho (QA) ukususela ekuqaleni ukuya kwinqanaba loyilo. Oku kuquka indlela yokucinga nokuyila iimveliso. Iziphumo zophando lwakutshanje kushishino zibonisa ukuba uninzi lweemarike azinankqubo yokudlulisela uyilo oluzenzekelayo. Inkqubo yesandla ishiya indawo yeempazamo, nokuba yimpazamo yangaphakathi okanye uyilo lokunxibelelana kunye notshintsho kwikhonkco lokubonelela.
Ukongeza kuyilo, i-Quality 4.0 ikwasebenzisa ukufunda koomatshini okugxile kwinkqubo ukunciphisa inkunkuma, ukunciphisa ukuphinda kusetyenziswe, kunye nokuphucula iiparameter zemveliso. Ukongeza, ikwasombulula imiba yokusebenza kwemveliso emva kokuhanjiswa, isebenzisa impendulo kwindawo ukuhlaziya isoftware yemveliso kude, igcina ulwaneliseko lwabathengi, kwaye ekugqibeleni iqinisekisa ukuphinda kusebenze. Iba liqabane elingenakwahlulwa le-Industry 4.0.
Nangona kunjalo, umgangatho awusebenzi kuphela kwiikhonkco ezikhethiweyo zokuvelisa. Ukubandakanywa koMgangatho 4.0 kunokufaka indlela ebanzi yomgangatho kwimibutho yokuvelisa, okwenza amandla okuguqula idatha abe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokucinga kweenkampani. Ukuthobela imithetho kuzo zonke iinqanaba zombutho kuncedisa ekwakhiweni kwenkcubeko yomgangatho iyonke.
Akukho nkqubo yemveliso enokuqhubeka ngokugqibeleleyo nge-100% yexesha. Ukutshintsha kweemeko kubangela iziganeko ezingalindelekanga ezifuna ukulungiswa. Abo banamava kumgangatho bayaqonda ukuba konke kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yokuqhubekela phambili ekugqibeleleni. Uqinisekisa njani ukuba umgangatho ufakiwe kwinkqubo yokufumanisa iingxaki kwangethuba? Uza kwenza ntoni xa ufumana isiphene? Ngaba kukho naziphi na izinto zangaphandle ezibangela le ngxaki? Zeziphi utshintsho onokulwenza kwisicwangciso sokuhlola okanye kwinkqubo yovavanyo ukuthintela le ngxaki ukuba ingaphindi yenzeke?
Misela ingqondo yokuba yonke inkqubo yemveliso inenkqubo yomgangatho enxulumeneyo nehambelanayo. Khawuthelekelele ikamva apho kukho ubudlelwane bomntu nomntu kwaye uhlale ulinganisa umgangatho. Nokuba kwenzeka ntoni na ngokungacwangciswanga, umgangatho ogqibeleleyo unokufezekiswa. Iziko ngalinye lomsebenzi lihlola izalathisi kunye nezalathisi zokusebenza eziphambili (ii-KPI) imihla ngemihla ukuze lichonge iindawo ekufuneka ziphuculwe ngaphambi kokuba kubekho iingxaki.
Kule nkqubo ye-closed-loop, inkqubo nganye yemveliso inengqiqo yomgangatho, enika ingxelo yokumisa inkqubo, ukuvumela inkqubo ukuba iqhubeke, okanye ukwenza uhlengahlengiso ngexesha langempela. Inkqubo ayichaphazeleki kukudinwa okanye iimpazamo zomntu. Inkqubo yomgangatho ye-closed-loop eyenzelwe ukuvelisa iinqwelomoya ibalulekile ukuze kufezekiswe amanqanaba aphezulu omgangatho, kuncitshiswe amaxesha omjikelo, kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuba iyathotyelwa imigangatho ye-AS9100.
Kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, ingcamango yokugxila kwi-QA kuyilo lwemveliso, uphando lwemarike, ababoneleli, iinkonzo zemveliso, okanye ezinye izinto ezichaphazela ulwaneliseko lwabathengi yayingenakwenzeka. Uyilo lwemveliso luqondwa njengoluvela kwigunya eliphezulu; umgangatho umalunga nokwenza olu yilo kumgca wokudibanisa, nokuba ziziphi na iimpazamo.
Namhlanje, iinkampani ezininzi zicinga ngokutsha ngendlela yokwenza ishishini. Imeko ekhoyo ngo-2018 isenokungabi sakwazi ukwenzeka. Abavelisi abaninzi baya beba nobuchule kwaye bekrelekrele. Ulwazi oluthe kratya luyafumaneka, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kufuneka ube nobukrelekrele obungcono bokwakha imveliso efanelekileyo okokuqala, ngokusebenza kakuhle nangokusebenza kakuhle.