Idibanisa abenzi bezigqibo kwinethiwekhi yolwazi oluguquguqukayo, abantu kunye neengcinga, iBloomberg ihambisa ulwazi lweshishini kunye nezemali, iindaba kunye nokuqonda kwihlabathi liphela ngesantya nangokuchaneka.
Idibanisa abenzi bezigqibo kwinethiwekhi yolwazi oluguquguqukayo, abantu kunye neengcinga, iBloomberg ihambisa ulwazi lweshishini kunye nezemali, iindaba kunye nokuqonda kwihlabathi liphela ngesantya nangokuchaneka.
I-PepsiCo kunye neCoca-Cola zithembise ukuba azisayi kukhupha ngxolo kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, kodwa ukuze zifezekise iinjongo zazo, kufuneka zijongane nengxaki ezincedileyo ekudaleni: amazinga aphantsi kakhulu okusetyenziswa kwakhona eMelika.
Xa iCoca-Cola, iPepsi kunye neKeurig Dr Pepper babala ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ngo-2020, iziphumo zazimangalisa: Iinkampani ezintathu ezinkulu zeziselo ezibandayo emhlabeni zidibene zakhupha iitoni ezili-121 lezigidi zeegesi ze-endothermic emoyeni - nto leyo eyayisenza imozulu ibe ncinci kunemozulu yaseBelgium.
Ngoku, iinkampani ezinkulu zesoda zithembisa ukuphucula kakhulu imozulu. I-Pepsi kunye ne-Coca-Cola zithembise ukuba azisayi kukhupha ngci zonke izinto ezikhupha ungcoliseko lwemozulu kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo, ngelixa uGqr. Pepper ethembise ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lwemozulu ubuncinane nge-15% ngo-2030.
Kodwa ukuze benze inkqubela ebonakalayo kwiinjongo zabo zemozulu, iinkampani zeziselo kufuneka ziqale zoyise ingxaki eyingozi ezincedileyo ekudaleni: amazinga aphantsi okusetyenziswa kwakhona eMelika.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, ukuveliswa ngobuninzi kweebhotile zeplastiki yenye yezona zinto zinegalelo elikhulu kwimozulu yeshishini leziselo. Uninzi lweeplastiki yi-polyethylene terephthalate, okanye "i-PET," apho izinto zayo zithathwe kwioyile nakwigesi yendalo kwaye emva koko zidlula kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezisebenzisa amandla amaninzi.
Minyaka le, iinkampani zesiselo zaseMelika zivelisa malunga ne-100 yeebhiliyoni zeebhotile zeplastiki ukuze zithengise iisoda zazo, amanzi, iziselo zamandla kunye neejusi. Kwihlabathi liphela, iCoca-Cola Company yodwa ivelise iibhotile zeplastiki ezili-125 zeebhiliyoni kunyaka ophelileyo—malunga ne-4,000 ngomzuzwana. Ukuveliswa kunye nokulahlwa kwale plastiki efana ne-avalanche kwenza i-30 yeepesenti ze-carbon footprint yeCoca-Cola, okanye malunga ne-15 yezigidi zeetoni ngonyaka. Oko kufana nongcoliseko lwemozulu oluvela kwenye yezona zikhululo zamandla zingcolileyo ezisebenzisa amalahle.
Kwakhona kukhokelela kwinkunkuma emangalisayo. Ngokutsho kweNational Association of PET Container Resources (NAPCOR), ngo-2020, yi-26.6% kuphela yeebhotile zePET eMelika eziza kuphinda zisetyenziswe, ngelixa ezinye ziza kutshiswa, zibekwe kwiindawo zokulahla inkunkuma okanye zilahlwe njengenkunkuma. Kwezinye iindawo zelizwe, imeko imbi ngakumbi. KwiMiami-Dade County, isithili esinabantu abaninzi eFlorida, yibhotile yeplastiki enye kuphela kweziyi-100 ephinda isetyenziswe. Ngokubanzi, izinga lokuphinda kusetyenziswe inkunkuma e-US belingaphantsi kwama-30% uninzi lweminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, lingaphantsi kakhulu kwamanye amazwe amaninzi afana neLithuania (90%), iSweden (86%) kunye neMexico (53%). "I-US lelona lizwe lichitha imali kakhulu," utshilo uElizabeth Barkan, umlawuli wemisebenzi yaseMntla Melika kwiReloop Platform, intlangano engenzi nzuzo elwa nongcoliseko lokupakisha.
Yonke le nkunkuma lithuba elikhulu elilahlekileyo kwimozulu. Xa iibhotile zesoda zeplastiki ziphinda zisetyenziswe, zijika zibe zizinto ezahlukeneyo ezintsha, kuquka iikhaphethi, iimpahla, izikhongozeli zedeli, kwaneebhotile ezintsha zesoda. Ngokutsho kohlalutyo olwenziwe yinkampani ecebisa inkunkuma eqinileyo iFranklin Associates, iibhotile zePET ezenziwe ngeplastiki ephinda zisetyenziswe zivelisa kuphela ama-40 ekhulwini eegesi ezithintela ubushushu eziveliswa ziibhotile ezenziwe ngeplastiki emsulwa.
Zibona ithuba elihle lokunciphisa umkhondo wazo, iinkampani zeziselo ezibandayo zithembisa ukusebenzisa iiPET eziphinda zisetyenziswe kwiibhotile zazo. ICoca-Cola, uGqr. Pepper kunye noPepsi bazibophelele ekufumaneni ikota yeplastiki yazo kwizinto eziphinda zisetyenziswe ngo-2025, kwaye iCoca-Cola kunye noPepsi bazibophelele ekufumaneni ikota yeepakethe zabo zeplastiki kwizinto eziphinda zisetyenziswe ngo-2030. (Namhlanje, iCoca-Cola ikwi-13.6%, iKeurig Dr Pepper Inc. ikwi-11% kwaye iPepsiCo ikwi-6%.)
Kodwa irekhodi elibi lelizwe lokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo lithetha ukuba azikho phantse iibhotile ezaneleyo ezifunyenweyo ukuze iinkampani zeziselo zifikelele kwiinjongo zazo. I-NAPCOR iqikelela ukuba izinga lokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo e-US elihlala ixesha elide kufuneka liphindwe kabini ngo-2025 kwaye liphindwe kabini ngo-2030 ukuze kubonelelwe ngokwaneleyo kwiimbopheleleko zoshishino. "Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukufumaneka kweebhotile," utshilo u-Alexandra Tennant, umhlalutyi wokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo eWood Mackenzie Ltd.
Kodwa ishishini leziselo ezibandayo ngokwalo lilo elibangela ukunqongophala. Eli shishini belisoloko lilwa kakhulu amashumi eminyaka malunga nezindululo zokwandisa ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izikhongozeli. Umzekelo, ukusukela ngo-1971, amazwe ali-10 amisele oko kuthiwa ziibhili zokufaka iibhotile ezongeza idiphozithi ye-5-cent okanye i-10-cent kwizikhongozeli zeziselo. Abathengi bahlawula imali eyongezelelweyo kwangaphambili baze bafumane imali yabo xa bebuyisela ibhotile. Ukuxabisa izikhongozeli ezingenanto kukhokelela kumazinga aphezulu okuphinda kusetyenziswe: Ngokutsho kwe-nonprofit Container Recycling Institute, iibhotile ze-PET ziphinda zisetyenziswe nge-57% kumazwe asebenzisa ibhotile enye kunye ne-17% kwamanye amazwe.
Nangona iphumelele ngokubonakalayo, iinkampani zesiselo ziye zasebenzisana nezinye iifektri, ezinje ngeevenkile zokutya kunye nabathuthi benkunkuma, kangangeminyaka emininzi ukuze zisuse izindululo ezifanayo kwamanye amazwe amaninzi, zisithi iinkqubo zokufaka imali azisisisombululo esisebenzayo, kwaye yirhafu engalunganga ethintela ukuthengiswa kweemveliso zayo kwaye ilimaza uqoqosho. Ukusukela oko iHawaii yapasisa umthetho wayo wokufaka iibhotile ngo-2002, akukho siphakamiso sikarhulumente esiye sasinda kwinkcaso enjalo. "Ibanika inqanaba elitsha loxanduva abaye baluphepha kula mazwe angama-40," utshilo uJudith Enck, umongameli weBeyond Plastics kunye nomphathi wengingqi wangaphambili we-US Environmental Protection Agency. "Abafuni nje iindleko ezongezelelweyo."
ICoca-Cola, iPepsi kunye noGqr. Pepper bonke bathe kwiimpendulo ezibhaliweyo ukuba bazimisele ngokuvelisa izinto ezintsha zokupakisha ukuze kuncitshiswe inkunkuma kwaye kusetyenziswe kwakhona izikhongozeli ezingaphezulu. Ngelixa amagosa oshishino evuma ukuba ebechasene nomthetho wokufaka iibhotile iminyaka, athi atshintshe indlela kwaye avulelekile kuzo zonke izisombululo ezinokubakho ukuze afezekise iinjongo zawo. “Sisebenzisana namaqabane okusingqongileyo kunye nabenzi bomthetho kulo lonke ilizwe abavumelanayo ukuba imeko ekhoyo ayamkelekanga kwaye singenza ngcono,” utshilo uWilliam DeMaudie, usekela-mongameli wemicimbi yoluntu kwi-American Beverage Industry Group, kwingxelo ebhaliweyo ethi Say.
Nangona kunjalo, abenzi bomthetho abaninzi abasebenza ukujongana nengxaki ekhulayo yenkunkuma yeplastiki basajongene nokuchaswa yimizi-mveliso yeziselo. “Oko bakutshoyo koko bakuthethayo,” utshilo uSarah Love, ummeli weNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseMaryland. Kutshanje uqalise umthetho wokukhuthaza ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ngokutsha ngokongeza idiphozithi yeesenti ezilishumi kwiibhotile zeziselo.” Babechasene noko, babengakufuni. Endaweni yoko, benze ezi zithembiso zokuba akukho mntu uza kubaphendulisa.”
Malunga nekota yeebhotile zeplastiki eziphinda zisetyenziswe eMelika, zipakishwe kwiibheli ezibotshelelwe ngokuqinileyo, nganye inobukhulu bemoto encinci, kwaye zithunyelwa kumzi-mveliso oseVernon, eCalifornia, ziyinto enqabileyo. Iindawo zoshishino zikude nezakhiwo ezinde ezikhazimlayo zedolophu yaseLos Angeles.
Apha, kwisakhiwo esikhulu esinomqolomba esilingana ne-hangar yeenqwelo-moya, i-rPlanet Earth ifumana malunga neebhotile ze-PET ezisetyenzisiweyo ezimalunga neebhiliyoni ezi-2 minyaka le kwiinkqubo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kulo lonke ilizwe. Phakathi kwengxolo enkulu yeemoto zoshishino, iibhotile zazigubha njengoko zazibhabha iikhilomitha ezintathu kwezine kwiimilo ezijikelezileyo kwiibhanti zokuhambisa kwaye zidlula kwimizi-mveliso, apho zazihluzwa khona, zinqunyulwe, zihlanjwe kwaye zinyibilikiswe. Emva kweeyure ezingama-20, iplastiki ephinde yasetyenziswa yafika ngendlela yeekomityi ezintsha, izikhongozeli zedeli, okanye "izinto ezisetyenziswa ngaphambili," izikhongozeli ezinobukhulu betyhubhu yovavanyo ezathi kamva zavuthelwa kwiibhotile zeplastiki.
Kwigumbi leenkomfa elikhaphethi elijonge umgangatho omkhulu nongenazingxangxasi womzi-mveliso, i-CEO ye-rPlanet Earth uBob Daviduk uthe inkampani ithengisa ii-preforms zayo kwiinkampani ezifaka iibhotile, ezisetyenziswa zezi nkampani ukupakisha iintlobo ezinkulu zeziselo. Kodwa wala ukubiza abathengi abathile, esithi banolwazi oluyimfihlo lweshishini.
Ukusukela oko yasungulwa isityalo ngo-2019, uDavid Duke uthethe esidlangalaleni ngeminqweno yakhe yokwakha ubuncinane ezinye iindawo ezintathu zokuphinda usebenzise iplastiki kwezinye iindawo eMelika. Kodwa isityalo ngasinye sixabisa malunga ne-$200 yezigidi, kwaye i-rPlanet Earth ayikakhethi indawo yesityalo sayo esilandelayo. Umngeni ophambili kukuba ukunqongophala kweebhotile zeplastiki eziphinda zisetyenziswe kwenza kube nzima ukufumana umbane othembekileyo nofikelelekayo. "Yiloo nto iphambili," utshilo. "Sifuna izixhobo ezingaphezulu."
Izithembiso zeshishini leziselo zisenokungaphumeleli ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe ezinye iifektri ezininzi. “Sikwingxaki enkulu,” utshilo u-Omar Abuaita, umphathi oyintloko we-Evergreen Recycling, eqhuba izityalo ezine eMntla Melika kwaye iguqula iibhotile ze-PET ezisetyenzisiweyo ezili-11 leebhiliyoni minyaka le zibe yi-resin yeplastiki ephinda isetyenziswe, uninzi lwazo luphelela kwibhotile entsha. “Uzifumana phi izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo ozifunayo?”
Iibhotile zeziselo ezibandayo aziyiyo ingxaki enkulu yemozulu njengoko zinjalo namhlanje. Kwiminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo, abathengisi beebhotile zeCoca-Cola baba ngabaqalisi benkqubo yokuqala yokufaka imali, behlawulisa isenti okanye ezimbini ngebhotile yeglasi. Abathengi bafumana imali yabo xa bebuyisela ibhotile evenkileni.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1940, izinga lokubuyela kweebhotile zesiselo esibandayo eMelika laliphezulu ukuya kuma-96%. Ngokutsho kwencwadi kaBartow J. Elmore, umbhali-mbali wendalo kwiYunivesithi yaseOhio State, iCitizen Coke, inani eliqhelekileyo lohambo oluya nokubuya lwebhotile yeglasi yeCoca-Cola ukusuka kumthengi ukuya kumthengi kuloo minyaka ilishumi yayiphindwe ka-22.
Xa iCoca-Cola kunye nabanye abenzi beziselo ezibandayo baqala ukutshintshela kwiitini zentsimbi neze-aluminiyam ngeminyaka yoo-1960—kwaye, kamva, iibhotile zeplastiki, ezixhaphakileyo namhlanje—ubhubhane wenkunkuma owabangelwa yiloo nto wabangela ukusabela okubi. Kangangeminyaka, abaxhasi bebekhuthaza abathengi ukuba bathumele izikhongozeli zabo zesoda ezingenanto kusihlalo weCoca-Cola kunye nomyalezo othi “Yibuyisele kwaye uyisebenzise kwakhona!”
Iinkampani zesiselo zalwa ngencwadi yokudlala eyayiza kuba yeyazo amashumi eminyaka ezayo. Endaweni yokuthatha uxanduva lobuninzi benkunkuma eza nokuthunyelwa kwazo kwiikhonteyina ezisetyenziswa kanye, zisebenze nzima ukudala umbono wokuba luxanduva loluntu. Umzekelo, iCoca-Cola yaqalisa iphulo lentengiso ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 eyayibonisa ibhinqa eliselula elihle ligoba ukuze liqokelele inkunkuma. “Goba kancinci,” yabongoza enye ibhodi ebhaliweyo ebhalwe ngqindilili. “Gcina iMelika iluhlaza kwaye icocekile.”
Eli shishini lidibanise loo myalezo kunye nokuchasa umthetho ozama ukujongana nokudideka okukhulayo. Ngo-1970, abavoti kwilizwe laseWashington baphantse bapasisa umthetho othintela iibhotile ezingabuyiswayo, kodwa balahlekelwa ngamavoti abo ngenxa yokuchaswa ngabenzi beziselo. Emva konyaka, iOregon yamisa umthetho wokuqala webhotile wesizwe, yanyusa idiphozithi yebhotile ye-5-cent, kwaye igqwetha likarhulumente lamangaliswa yingxwabangxwaba yezopolitiko: “Andikaze ndibone izilangazelelo ezininzi kangaka ngokuchasene noxinzelelo olungaka oluvela kumntu omnye. Iibhili,” utshilo.
Ngo-1990, iCoca-Cola yabhengeza izibophelelo zokuqala kwezininzi zenkampani yeziselo zokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki ephinda isetyenziswe kwiikhonteyina zayo, phakathi kwenkxalabo ekhulayo malunga nokuchitheka kwenkunkuma. Ithembise ukuthengisa iibhotile ezenziwe ngezinto eziphinda zasetyenziswa ezingama-25 ekhulwini - inani elifanayo elithembise ngalo namhlanje, kwaye inkampani yeziselo ezibandayo ngoku ithi iza kufikelela kuloo njongo ngo-2025, malunga neminyaka engama-35 emva kwenjongo yokuqala yeCoca-Cola.
Le nkampani yeziphuzo iphumeze izithembiso ezintsha ezingalindelekanga rhoqo emva kweminyaka embalwa emva kokuba iCoca-Cola ingaphumelelanga ukufezekisa iinjongo zayo zokuqala, ikhankanya ixabiso eliphezulu leplastiki ephinda isetyenziswe. ICoca-Cola yathembisa ngo-2007 ukuba iza kuphinda isetyenziswe okanye isebenzise kwakhona i-100% yeebhotile zayo zePET eMelika, ngelixa iPepsiCo yathi ngo-2010 iza kunyusa izinga lokuphinda isetyenziswe kwezikhongozeli zesiselo zase-US ukuya kuma-50% ngo-2018. Ezi njongo ziye zaqinisekisa abalweli kwaye zafumana ingxelo entle kumajelo eendaba, kodwa ngokutsho kweNAPCOR, amazinga okuphinda isetyenziswe kweebhotile zePET akakanciphi, enyuka kancinci ukusuka kwi-24.6% ngo-2007 ukuya kwi-29.1% ngo-2010 ukuya kwi-26.6% ngo-2020. "Enye yezinto abalungileyo kuzo ekuphindeni isetyenziswe ziingxelo zabezindaba," utshilo uSusan Collins, umlawuli weContainer Recycling Institute.
Amagosa eCoca-Cola athi kwingxelo ebhaliweyo athi impazamo yawo yokuqala “isinika ithuba lokufunda” kwaye anethemba lokuhlangabezana neenjongo zexesha elizayo. Iqela labo lokuthenga ngoku libambe “intlanganiso yemephu” yokuhlalutya ukuhanjiswa kwe-PET ephinda isetyenziswe kwihlabathi liphela, abathi baya kubanceda baqonde imiqathango kwaye baphuhlise isicwangciso. I-PepsiCo ayizange iphendule imibuzo malunga nezithembiso zayo ezazingazalisekanga ngaphambili, kodwa amagosa athi kwingxelo ebhaliweyo “iya kuqhubeka nokuqhuba ubuchule ekupakisheni nasekukhuthazeni imigaqo-nkqubo ekrelekrele eqhuba ukujikeleza kunye nokunciphisa inkunkuma.”
Uvukelo oluthathe iminyaka emininzi kwishishini leziselo lubonakala lukulungele ukupheliswa ngo-2019. Njengoko iinkampani zeziselo ezibandayo zibeka iinjongo ezinzulu malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu, akunakwenzeka ukuba ungayinaki ingxolo ekhutshwa kukusetyenziswa kwazo okukhulu kweplastiki engabonakaliyo. Kwingxelo eya kwiThe New York Times ngaloo nyaka, iAmerican Beverages yabonisa okokuqala ukuba isenokuvuma ukuxhasa umgaqo-nkqubo wokubeka imali kwiikhonteyina.
Emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa, uKatherine Lugar, i-CEO ye-American Beverages, waphinda wathetha kwingqungquthela yoshishino lokupakisha, ebhengeza ukuba olu shishino luyayiphelisa indlela yalo yokulwa nomthetho onjalo. “Uza kuva amazwi ahlukeneyo kakhulu kushishino lwethu,” wafunga. Nangona bebechasene namatyala okufaka iibhotile kwixesha elidlulileyo, wachaza, “awuzukuva ngoku ‘hayi’.” Iinkampani zeziphuzo zibeka ‘iinjongo ezinesibindi’ zokunciphisa umngcipheko wazo kwindalo esingqongileyo, kufuneka ziphinde zisebenzise iibhotile ezininzi.” Yonke into kufuneka ibe setafileni,” utshilo.
Njengokungathi bagxininisa le ndlela intsha, abaphathi beCoca-Cola, iPepsi, uGqr. Pepper kunye neAmerican Beverage bahlanganisene ecaleni kwelinye kwiqonga elalibekwe yiflegi yaseMelika ngo-Okthobha ka-2019. Apho babhengeze "umzamo omtsha" obizwa ngokuba yi "Every Bottle" back. Iinkampani zathembisa i-$100 yezigidi kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo ukuphucula iinkqubo zokuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto kuluntu kulo lonke elaseMelika. Imali iya kudityaniswa ne-$300 yezigidi ezongezelelweyo ezivela kubatyali-mali bangaphandle kunye nenkxaso-mali karhulumente. Le nkxaso "ephantse ibe sisiqingatha sebhiliyoni" ye-USD" iya kwandisa ukuphinda kusetyenziswe izinto ze-PET nge-80 yezigidi zeepawundi ngonyaka kwaye incede ezi nkampani ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kweplastiki emsulwa.
I-American Beverage ikhuphe intengiso kamabonwakude ehamba nayo equka abasebenzi abathathu abanamandla abanxibe iyunifomu yeCoca-Cola, iPepsi kunye neDr. Pepper bemi epakini eluhlaza ejikelezwe ziifern kunye neentyatyambo. “Iibhotile zethu zenzelwe ukwenziwa ngokutsha,” utshilo umsebenzi wePepsi ochwayitileyo, wongeza ukuba ulwimi lwakhe lukhumbuza umyalezo wexesha elide woxanduva kubathengi beli shishini: “Nceda usincede sifumane yonke ibhotile.” Le ntengiso yemizuzwana engama-30, eyayiqhutywa ngaphambi kweSuper Bowl yonyaka ophelileyo, ukususela ngoko ivele izihlandlo ezili-1,500 kumabonwakude wesizwe kwaye ixabisa malunga ne-$5 yezigidi, ngokutsho kwe-iSpot.tv, inkampani yokulinganisa intengiso kamabonwakude.
Nangona kukho utshintsho olukhulu kwishishini, akukho nto ingako yenziweyo ukwandisa kakhulu inani leplastiki ephinda isetyenziswe. Umzekelo, ishishini linikele ngemali-mboleko kunye nezibonelelo ezimalunga ne-$7.9 yezigidi kuphela okwangoku, ngokutsho kohlalutyo lweBloomberg Green olubandakanya udliwanondlebe nabantu abaninzi abafumana le mveliso.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, uninzi lwaba bafumene le mali lunomdla kakhulu. Eli phulo linike isibonelelo se-$166,000 kwiBig Bear, eCalifornia, kwiikhilomitha ezili-160 empuma yeLos Angeles, linceda ukuba lihlawule ikota yeendleko zokuphucula amakhaya ali-12,000 abe zizithuthi ezinkulu zokuphinda kusetyenziswe. Phakathi kwemizi esebenzisa ezi nqwelo zinkulu, amaxabiso okuphinda kusetyenziswe anyuke malunga nama-50 ekhulwini, ngokutsho kukaJon Zamorano, umlawuli wenkunkuma eqinileyo kwiBig Bear. “Bekuluncedo kakhulu,” utshilo.
Ukuba iinkampani zeziselo ezinxilisayo bezinokusasaza i-$100 yezigidi ngokomndilili kwiminyaka elishumi, bekufanele ukuba zisasaze i-$27 yezigidi ngoku. Endaweni yoko, i-$7.9 yezigidi ilingana nenzuzo edibeneyo yeenkampani ezintathu zeziselo ezinxilisayo kwiiyure ezintathu.
Nokuba eli phulo ekugqibeleni lifikelele usukelo lwalo lokuphinda lisebenzise i-PET eyongezelelweyo eyi-80 yezigidi zeeponti ngonyaka, liza kunyusa izinga lokuphinda lisebenzise i-PET eMelika ngaphezulu kwepesenti enye kuphela. “Ukuba ngokwenene bafuna ukubuyisa yonke ibhotile, faka idiphozithi kwibhotile nganye,” utshilo uJudith Enck weBeyond Plastics.
Kodwa ishishini leziselo liyaqhubeka nobunzima kwiibhili ezininzi zeebhotile, nangona kutshanje lithe livulelekile kwezi zisombululo. Ukusukela kwintetho kaLugar kwiminyaka emibini enesiqingatha eyadlulayo, eli shishini liye lalibazisa izindululo kumazwe aquka i-Illinois, iNew York kunye neMassachusetts. Kunyaka ophelileyo, ingcali kushishino lweziselo yabhala phakathi kwabenzi bomthetho baseRhode Island becinga ngomthetho kangangokuba uninzi lweebhili zeebhotile “azinakuthathwa njengeziphumeleleyo ngokwempembelelo yazo kwindalo esingqongileyo.” (Olu lugxeko olungathandabuzekiyo, njengoko iibhotile ezinediphozithi zibuyiselwa ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezithathu kunezo zingenayo idiphozithi.)
Kolunye ugxeko kunyaka ophelileyo, ingcali yoshishino lweziselo eMassachusetts iphikise isiphakamiso sokunyusa idiphozithi yelizwe ukusuka kwi-5 cents (engatshintshanga ukusukela oko yasungulwa kwiminyaka engama-40 eyadlulayo) ukuya kwi-dime. Iingcali zokhuselo zilumkisile ukuba idiphozithi enkulu kangaka iya kubangela umonakalo kuba amazwe angabamelwane anediphozithi ezimbalwa. Oku kungangqinelani kuya kukhuthaza abathengi ukuba bawele umda ukuze bathenge iziselo zabo, nto leyo ebangela "impembelelo enkulu kwintengiso" kubathengisi beebhotile eMassachusetts. (Oko akuthethi ukuba ishishini leziselo lincedise ekudaleni lo msantsa unokwenzeka ngokulwa nezindululo ezifanayo ezivela kwaba bamelwane.)
IDermody of American Beverages ikhusela inkqubela phambili yoshishino. Ethetha ngephulo le-Every Bottle Back, uthe, “Isibophelelo se- $100 yezigidi siyinto esizingcayo ngayo.” Wongeze ngelithi sele bezibophelele kwezinye izixeko ezininzi ezingekabhengezi, njengoko ezo zivumelwano zingathatha ixesha. “Ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka utsibe kwiindlela ezininzi kwezi projekthi,” utshilo uDeMaudie. Xa ubandakanya aba bamkeli abangabhengezwanga, bazinikele kwi- $14.3 yezigidi kwiiprojekthi ezingama-22 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, utshilo.
Kwangaxeshanye, uDermody ucacisile, eli shishini aliyi kuxhasa kuphela nayiphi na inkqubo yokufaka imali; kufuneka liyilwe kakuhle kwaye libe lula kubathengi. “Asichasani nokuhlawulisa umrhumo weebhotile zethu kunye neetini ukuze sixhase inkqubo esebenzayo,” utshilo. “Kodwa imali kufuneka iye kwinkqubo esebenza ngendlela wonke umntu afuna ngayo ukufikelela kwizinga eliphezulu lokubuyiselwa kwemali.”
Umzekelo odla ngokukhankanywa nguDermody nabanye abakweli shishini yinkqubo yedipozithi yaseOregon, etshintshe kakhulu ukusukela oko yasungulwa kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu eyadlulayo phakathi kwenkcaso evela kwishishini leziselo. Le nkqubo ngoku ixhaswa kwaye iqhutywa ngabasasazi beziselo—iAmerican Beverage ithi iyayixhasa le ndlela—kwaye ifikelele kwinqanaba lokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo eliphantse libe ngama-90 ekhulwini, elisondele kakhulu kwelona lizwe libalaseleyo.
Kodwa isizathu esikhulu sokuba izinga eliphezulu lokubuyiselwa kwemali eOregon liphezulu yidiphozithi ye-10-cent yale nkqubo, edibene neMichigan njengeyona inkulu kweli lizwe. I-American Beverage ayikavakalisi inkxaso kwiziphakamiso zokwenza idiphozithi ye-10-cent kwenye indawo, kuquka nenye eyenziwe ngokwenkqubo ekhethwayo kushishino.
Umzekelo, cinga ngomthetho karhulumente wokufaka iibhotile oqukwe kwi-Get Out of Plastic Act, ocetywe nguMmeli waseCalifornia u-Alan Lowenthal kunye neSenator yaseOregon uJeff Merkley. Lo mthetho ulandela ngokuzingca umzekelo waseOregon, kuquka idiphozithi yeesenti ezili-10 zeebhotile ngelixa uvumela amashishini abucala ukuba aqhube inkqubo yokuqokelela. Nangona uDermody wathi ishishini leziselo lifikelela kubenzi bomthetho, alizange lixhase lo mthetho.
Kwabo bambalwa abaphinda basebenzise iiplastiki abaguqula iibhotile zePET ezindala zibe zintsha, esi sisisombululo sisisombululo esicacileyo. UDavid Duke wePlanet Earth uthe idiphozithi ye-10-cents yeli lizwe ngebhotile nganye iya kuphantse iphindwe kathathu inani lezikhongozeli eziphinda zisetyenziswe. Ukwanda okukhulu kweplastiki ephinda isetyenzisiwe kuya kukhuthaza izityalo ezininzi zokuphinda zisetyenzisiwe ukuba zixhaswe kwaye zakhiwe. Ezi fektri ziya kuvelisa iibhotile ezifunekayo ezenziwe ngeplastiki ephinda isetyenzisiwe - okuvumela iinkozo ezinkulu zinciphise impembelelo yazo yekhabhoni.
“Akunzima,” utshilo uDavid Duke, ehamba ephuma kumgangatho wesakhiwo esikhulu sokuphinda usebenzise izinto ngaphandle kweLos Angeles. “Kufuneka ubeke ixabiso kwezi zikhongozeli.”