Ukuze ndihlangabezane nemfuneko yamagama angama-3000 kwaye ndityebise umxholo, ndiza kwandisa ukusetyenziswa komgubo we-kaolin omhlophe kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo okugquma, njengeengubo zaselwandle kunye neengubo zeemoto. Ndiza kujonga nzulu kwinkqubo yemveliso, kubandakanya ubuchwepheshe obutsha kunye namanyathelo okulawula umgangatho. Ukongeza, ndiza kuphucula inkcazo yekhonkco lokubonelela kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa ngokongeza iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga nenkonzo yabathengi kunye neendlela zemarike.

Ishishini lokupenda nokugquma lihlala likhangela imibala kunye nezizalisi ezinokunyusa ukuhambelana kombala, zandise ubomi bemveliso, kwaye ziphucule iindleko zokwenziwa. Kolu phando, umgubo we-kaolin omhlophe kakhulu uvele njengesithako esibalulekileyo, esisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiingubo zokwakha, kwiingubo zoshishino, nakwiingubo zomthi. Ngokungafaniyo ne-titanium dioxide (TiO₂), eza nexabiso eliphezulu kunye nemiphumo enokubakho kwindalo, umgubo we-kaolin omhlophe kakhulu unika ukugubungela okumangalisayo, iipropati zokusasazeka eziphezulu, kunye nokumelana nemozulu okuphuculweyo. Oku kwenza ukuba ibe yindlela eyahlukileyo kwezoqoqosho okanye isithako esincedisayo kwi-TiO₂ kwiifomyula zokugquma.

Ukugqunywa kumi njengophawu olubalulekileyo lokusebenza kweengubo, njengoko kumisela inani leengubo ezifunekayo ukuze kufunyanwe umbala ofanayo kwaye kufihlwe ngokufanelekileyo i-substrate. Umgubo we-kaolin omhlophe kakhulu, ophawulwa yi-L* value ye-≥93%, unesakhiwo esifana ne-plate-like particles esahlukileyo. Xa kufakwa kwifilimu yokugqunywa, la maqhekeza ayadibana, enza umaleko oxineneyo othintela ukukhanya kwaye ufihle ukungaqhelekanga komphezulu. Xa wongezwa kuxinzelelo lwe-10%-18% yobunzima obupheleleyo bengubo, kunye ne-acrylic okanye i-epoxy resins, lo mgubo we-kaolin unokunyusa ukugqunywa ngama-25%-35%. Umzekelo wokwenyani ovela kumenzi wengubo yoyilo waseTshayina ubonisa oku kakuhle: ngokusebenzisa lo mgubo kwipeyinti ye-latex yodonga yangaphandle, bakwazile ukufikelela ukugqunywa ngokupheleleyo kwiindonga zekhonkrithi ngengubo enye kuphela, enamandla okufihla angama-≥98%. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, upende ngaphandle kwe-kaolin wawufuna iingubo ezimbini. Oku akukhokelelanga kuphela ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwepeyinti ngama-30% kodwa kwanciphisa neendleko zezinto kunye nexesha lokwakha. Kwimiba yokufakelwa kwempahla kwimizi-mveliso, efana naleyo isetyenziselwa oomatshini besinyithi, ukugqunywa kakuhle komgubo we-kaolin kunceda ukufihla imikrwelo yomphezulu kwi-substrates zesinyithi. Oku kunciphisa isidingo sokusebenzisa i-sanding ngaphambi kokufaka i-coating, ngaloo ndlela kuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso.

Ukumelana nemozulu kubaluleke kakhulu kwiingubo zangaphandle, ezihlala zichatshazelwa zizinto ezinobungozi zokusingqongileyo ezifana nemitha ye-UV, imvula, utshintsho lobushushu, kunye nongcoliseko lwemizi-mveliso. Ukungangeni kweekhemikhali kunye nesakhiwo esifana nepleyiti sepowder ye-kaolin emhlophe kakhulu zisebenza njengesikhuselo, zikhusela ifilimu yokugquma ekuwohlokeni okubangelwa yi-UV. Amasuntswana ayo anamandla okubonakalisa ukukhanya kwe-UV kuluhlu lwe-280-400 nm, okuthintela ukuba ingangeni kwifilimu kwaye iphule imixokelelwane yepolymer. Uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo lwemozulu olwenziwe ngokuhambelana nemigangatho ye-ASTM G154 lutyhile ukuba iingubo zangaphandle ze-acrylic ezine-15% yepowder ye-kaolin zigcine i-85% yokukhanya kwazo kokuqala kunye nombala emva kweeyure ezingama-3000 zokuvezwa. Xa kuthelekiswa, iingubo ezingenayo i-kaolin zikwazile ukugcina i-60% kuphela kwiingubo zomthi, ezifana nezo zisetyenziswa kwiivarnish zefenitshala zangaphandle, ipowder ye-kaolin iphucula kakhulu ukumelana namanzi. Iingubo ezine-12% ye-kaolin powder zibonise izinga lokufunxwa kwamanzi eliyi-≤5% emva kweeyure ezingama-24 zokuntywiliselwa, ngokwemigangatho ye-ASTM D1653, ngelixa iingubo ezingatshintshwanga zinezinga lokufunxwa kwamanzi eliyi-12%. Oku kuthintela ngokufanelekileyo umthi ekudumbeni nasekugobeni. Ngaphezu koko, i-kaolin powder iphucula ukumelana nokukhuhla kweengubo zokwakha. Iipeyinti zelatex ezine-10% ye-kaolin powder zikwazile ukumelana nemijikelo yokukhuhla engaphezu kwama-5000 ngaphandle kokuphela okanye ukuxobuka, ngokwemigangatho ye-ASTM D2486, xa kuthelekiswa nemijikelo engama-2000 kuphela yeepeyinti eziqhelekileyo. Oku kuzenza zilungele iindawo ezinabantu abaninzi ezifana nezikolo nezibhedlele.

Ukuveliswa komgubo we-kaolin omhlophe kakhulu kwishishini lokugquma yinkqubo ecokisekileyo ebandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi okucocwa kunye nokufunxa ukuze kufezekiswe ukukhanya okuphezulu kunye nobunyulu. Uhambo luqala nge-kaolin ore eluhlaza, ehlanjwa kuqala ukuze kususwe isanti kunye ne-silt. Emva koko, iindlela zokwahlulahlula ngemagnethi ziyasetyenziswa ukunciphisa umxholo wesinyithi, zijolise kwinqanaba le-Fe₂O₃ elingu-≤0.2%. Ukufunxa linyathelo elibalulekileyo, elifezekiswa ngokudityaniswa kwee-arhente zokufunxa ngekhemikhali ezifana ne-hydrogen peroxide okanye i-sodium dithionite, kunye nezikhanyisi ze-optical ukuphucula ubumhlophe. Emva koku, kugaywa ngamanzi ukuze kufunyanwe ubungakanani be-particle obuyi-D50 3-8 μm, obuhambelana nobukhulu be-mesh obuyi-325-1250. I-slurry ephumayo iyahluzwa kwaye yomiswe kumaqondo obushushu aqala kwi-150-180°C ukuvelisa umgubo onomthamo wokufuma ongu-≤0.5%. Ekugqibeleni, umgubo uyahluzwa ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa kobungakanani be-particle ngokulinganayo. Kwizinto ezisetyenziswa emanzini, unyango olongezelelweyo olusebenzisa amanzi lunokusetyenziswa kumgubo we-kaolin ukuphucula ukusasazeka kwawo kwiinkqubo zamanzi.

Kwicandelo lokugquma kolwandle, umgubo we-kaolin omhlophe kakhulu udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni iipropati zokugquma ezichasene nokugqwala. Ulwakhiwo lwayo olufana nepleyiti lwenza indlela erhabaxa yezinto ezirhabaxa, nto leyo enciphisa ukungena kwazo kwi-substrate. Iingubo zenqanawa ezine-kaolin powder zibonakalise ubomi obude benkonzo, zinciphisa amaxesha okugcinwa okubizayo kunye nokupeyinta kwakhona. Kwishishini lokugquma iimoto, umgubo we-kaolin unegalelo ekufezekiseni ukugqitywa okugudileyo nokulinganayo. Unceda ekunciphiseni isiphumo se-orenji yamaxolo, isiphene esiqhelekileyo kwiipeyinti zeemoto, kwaye uphucula ubuhle besithuthi ngokubanzi. Ukongezwa komgubo we-kaolin kukwaphucula ubunzima kunye nokumelana nokukrwela kweengubo zemoto, kukhusela ingaphandle lesithuthi ekukrweleni okuncinci ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwemihla ngemihla.

Ubuchwepheshe bemveliso obuphambili buyaqhubeka nokuphuhliswa ukuze kuphuculwe umgangatho wepowder ye-kaolin emhlophe kakhulu. Umzekelo, abanye abavelisi bahlola ukusetyenziswa konyango lwe-ultrasonic ngexesha lenkqubo yokusila emanzi. Le teknoloji inokuqhekeza amasuntswana e-kaolin ngokulinganayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekusasazweni kobukhulu besuntswana obuncinci. Enye indlela entsha kukusetyenziswa kwee-agents ze-bleaching ezisekelwe kwi-bio, ezibonelela ngenye indlela enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kuneendlela zemveli ze-bleaching chemical. Ezi zinto zintsha aziphuculi kuphela ukusebenza kwepowder ye-kaolin kodwa zikwahambelana nesidingo esikhulayo semizi-mveliso yeendlela zokuvelisa ezizinzileyo.

Ulawulo lomgangatho luphawu olubalulekileyo lokuveliswa komgubo we-kaolin kwiingubo. Ukongeza kwiiparameter zobugcisa eziphambili ezifana nobumhlophe (ixabiso le-L*) ≥93%, umxholo wentsimbi (Fe₂O₃) ≤0.2%, ubungakanani besuntswana D50 3-8 μm, ukufunxwa kweoyile 28-35 mL/100g, ixabiso le-pH 6.5-7.5, kunye nokukhanya (457 nm) ≥95%, abavelisi bakwajonga ezinye izinto ezifana nekhemistri yomphezulu womgubo. Umbane womphezulu kunye namaqela asebenzayo eesuntswana ze-kaolin zinokuchaphazela kakhulu ukusasazeka kwazo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ze-resin. Iindlela zohlalutyo eziphambili, ezifana nokulinganisa amandla e-zeta kunye ne-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zisetyenziselwa ukuchaza iipropati zomphezulu womgubo, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana okufanelekileyo neefomyula ezahlukeneyo zokugquma.

Ikhonkco lokubonelela ngepowder ye-kaolin emhlophe kakhulu lenzelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zoshishino lokugquma. Iindlela zokupakisha zenzelwe iimfuno zabathengi ezahlukeneyo. Iindawo zokusebenzela ezincinci zokugquma zinokukhetha iingxowa zephepha ze-kraft ezingama-25kg, ezilula ukuphathwa nokugcinwa. Kwelinye icala, abavelisi abakhulu bokugquma banokukhetha iingxowa ezinkulu ze-1000kg, ezixhotyiswe ngee-liners ezingangenisi umswakama ukuthintela ukugquma ngexesha lokuthuthwa nokugcinwa. Ukuhanjiswa kuguquguquka kakhulu, kunye nokuthunyelwa rhoqo ngenyanga kwiindawo ezinkulu zokugquma eYurophu, eMntla Melika, nase-Asia. Kwiiodolo ezingxamisekileyo, kukho iindlela zokuthutha ngenqwelomoya, ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa ngaphakathi kweentsuku ezi-3-7 ukuhlangabezana neeshedyuli zemveliso ezixineneyo.

Njengoko ishishini lokugquma liqhubeka litshintsha, liqhutywa yimfuno yeemveliso ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, ezingena-VOC ininzi, kwaye zihlala ixesha elide, umgubo we-kaolin omhlophe kakhulu uza kudlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi. Udibaniso lwayo olukhethekileyo lweempawu, kubandakanya ukugubungela okugqwesileyo, ukumelana nemozulu okuphuculweyo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, kwenza ukuba ibe sisithako esibalulekileyo kubavelisi bokugquma abafuna ukuhlala bekhuphisana kwimarike. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamva nje bemveliso kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso yobugcisa epheleleyo, ishishini le-kaolin powder likwimeko entle yokuhlangabezana neemfuno eziguqukayo zecandelo lokugquma kwaye linegalelo kuphuhliso lwezixhobo zokugquma eziphezulu.

Kwimarike yeengubo zokwaleka zokwakha, ukusetyenziswa komgubo we-kaolin omhlophe kakhulu kuyanda ngaphaya kwezakhiwo zokuhlala nezezorhwebo zemveli. Usetyenziswa ngakumbi ekubuyiselweni nasekugcinweni kwezakhiwo zembali. Amandla omgubo okubonelela ngokugubungela okugqwesileyo kunye nokukhusela ekonakaleni kwendalo anceda ukugcina inkangeleko yokuqala yezi zakhiwo ngelixa kuqinisekiswa ukuqina kwazo ixesha elide. Kwimarike yeengubo zokwaleka zoshishino, ngokukhula kwamacandelo afana namandla avuselelekayo kunye nophuhliso lweziseko, imfuno yeengubo zokwaleka ezisebenzayo iyakhula. Umgubo we-kaolin, onamandla okuphucula ukusebenza kweengubo, kulindeleke ukuba ubone ukwanda kokwamkelwa kwezi ndawo, ukuqinisa isikhundla sawo njengesithako esibalulekileyo kushishino lweengubo.