Kwiindawo zeempahla ezithengiswayo, ukufuma kunye nothuli kubeka emngciphekweni omkhulu kwimpahla. Ukufuma okugqithisileyo emoyeni kunokubangela indawo yokuzalela kwesikhunta kunye nokubola, okubangela amabala angathandekiyo kunye nevumba elibi elibi kwimpahla. Oku akwenzi nje kuphela ukuba impahla ingabi nomtsalane kubathengi kodwa kukwabeka emngciphekweni ulwakhiwo lwayo, okwenza ukuba ikrazuke kwaye yonakale. Ukongeza, amanqanaba aphezulu okufuma anokubangela ukuba impahla ifunxe ukufuma, okukhokelela ekuncipheni okanye ekunwebekeni, okunokubangela ukuba impahla ingafaneleki kwaye inganxitywa.

Impembelelo yomswakama kwimpahla ezahlukeneyo yahluka kakhulu. Umzekelo, iifayibha zendalo ezifana nomqhaphu kunye nelinen zifunxa kakhulu, kwaye ukuchatshazelwa ixesha elide kumswakama ophezulu kunokubangela ukuba zibe buthathaka, zilahlekelwe yimo yazo kwaye zibe lula ukukrazuka. Isilika, ilaphu elithambileyo nelinobunewunewu, lisengozini enkulu yokufuma, njengoko linokukhokelela ekudalweni kwamabala atyheli kunye nokulahleka kokukhanya kwalo okubonakalayo. Uboya, kwelinye icala, bunokukhula burhabaxa kwaye bubole nakwiimeko ezimanzi kakhulu.

Kwelinye icala, uthuli luyingxaki eqhelekileyo kwiindawo zokuthengisa, njengoko lunokuqokelelwa lula kwiindawo zempahla, luzenze zibonakale zingcolile kwaye zingacocekanga. Ukucoca rhoqo ukuze kususwe uthuli nako kunokuthatha ixesha kwaye kubize kakhulu, kwaye kunokubangela umonakalo kwizinto ezithambileyo ezifana nesilika, ilayisi, okanye uboya. Amasuntswana othuli anokuba rhabaxa kakhulu, akrwele umphezulu welaphu ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye anciphise ubomi bawo. Kwimeko yempahla ehonjisiweyo eneentsontelo, ii-sequins, okanye imithungo, uthuli lunokubanjwa kwiinkcukacha ezintsonkothileyo, luzenze zibe buthuntu kwaye zingabi nomtsalane.

Xa zibekwe ngendlela efanelekileyo kwiindawo zempahla, izitena zetyuwa zisebenza imimangaliso ngokufunxa umswakama ogqithisileyo emoyeni. Ityuwa yinto yendalo exutywe ne-hygroscopic, oko kuthetha ukuba inamandla okutsala nokubamba iimolekyuli zamanzi. Ngenxa yoko, izitena zetyuwa zinokunciphisa ngempumelelo amanqanaba omswakama kwindawo engqongileyo, zidale umoya owomileyo nozinzileyo olungele ukugcina umgangatho wempahla. Oku akuthinteli nje kuphela ukukhula kwesikhunta kunye ne-mildew kodwa kugcina amalaphu etsha kwaye engenavumba, okuqinisekisa ukuba ahlala enomtsalane kubathengi.

Isayensi engasemva kweempawu zetyuwa ezi-hygroscopic ikwisakhiwo sayo se-ionic. Ii-ion ze-sodium kunye ne-chloride kumphezulu wesitena setyuwa zitsala iimolekyuli zamanzi ngokusebenzisa amandla e-electrostatic, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-adsorption. Njengoko isitena setyuwa sifunxa umswakama, siyanyibilika kancinci kancinci, into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-deliquescence. Le nkqubo yendalo yenza izitena zetyuwa zibe sisisombululo esizilawulayo sokulawula umswakama.

Ngaphezu koko, izitena zetyuwa zisebenza njengezinto zokubopha uthuli lwendalo, zibamba amasuntswana othuli kwaye zinciphisa kakhulu ukuqokelelwa kothuli kwiimpahla. Ubume oburhabaxa bezitena zetyuwa bubonelela ngomphezulu wothuli onokunamathela kuwo, nto leyo ethintela ukuba lungahlali kwiimpahla. Ngenxa yoko, imfuneko yokucoca rhoqo iyancitshiswa, nto leyo esindisa ixesha nemali kubathengisi, kwaye ukuthembeka kwamalaphu kukhuseleka ngcono. Umphezulu ongaqhelekanga wezitena zetyuwa udala indawo enkulu, nto leyo enyusa amathuba okuba amasuntswana othuli adibane nawo aze anamathele kwisitena.

Ukuze sicacise ngakumbi impembelelo yezitena zetyuwa, cinga ngemeko yevenkile yefashoni ekumgangatho ophezulu kwisixeko esiselunxwemeni. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izitena zetyuwa, ivenkile yayineengxaki ezihlala zikho zokukhula komngundo kwiilokhwe zesilika kunye neesweta zecashmere. Ivumba elibi lalixhaphake kakhulu kangangokuba lachaphazela amava okuthenga ngokubanzi, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekwehleni kwenani labathengi. Emva kokungenisa izitena zetyuwa kuyo yonke ivenkile, amanqanaba okufuma ehla ngama-30%, kwaye ukwanda komngundo kunye nomngundo kwehla kakhulu. Ivenkile ikwaqaphele ukwehla kobuninzi bokucoca impahla, igcina malunga nama-20% kwiindleko zokulungisa inyanga nenyanga.

Ukongeza ekulawuleni ukufuma nothuli, izitena zetyuwa zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni amanqanaba okufuma ahambelanayo. Ukuguquguquka komswakama kunokuba nefuthe elibi kumgangatho wempahla, okubangela ukuba amalaphu ande kwaye anciphe, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba anwebeke, anciphe, okanye kwanomonakalo ongunaphakade. Ngokulawula amanqanaba okufuma, izitena zetyuwa zinceda ukugcina ukuthamba kwamalaphu kwaye zithintele imiba efana nokuncipha okanye ukunwebeka okunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwamanqanaba okufuma. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwizinto zempahla eziphezulu ezenziwe ngezinto ezithambileyo, ezifuna indawo ezinzileyo ukugcina imo yazo kunye nomgangatho wazo.

Umzekelo, iimpahla zesikhumba zinobuthathaka kakhulu kutshintsho lokufuma. Kwindawo enomswakama ophezulu, isikhumba sinokuthamba size silahlekelwe bukuqina kwaso, ngelixa kwindawo enomswakama omncinci, singoma size siqhekeke. Izitena zetyuwa zinokunceda ukugcina umgangatho womswakama ofanelekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zesikhumba zigcina ubume bazo kunye nokuqina kwazo. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zempahla zihlala zikwimeko efanelekileyo, izitena zetyuwa zinceda iivenkile ukuba zigcine uluhlu lwazo lwezinto zilungele ukuthengiswa ngamaxesha onke, zinciphisa umngcipheko wokuphela kwempahla kunye nokulahleka kwentengiso.

Kwicandelo le-elektroniki, izinto ezifana nee-smartphones, ii-laptops, kunye nezinye izixhobo ze-elektroniki zinobuthathaka kakhulu kumswakama nothuli. Nokuba manzi amancinci anokubangela ukubola kwezixhobo zangaphakathi, okukhokelela ekungasebenzi kakuhle kwesixhobo kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle. Oku kunokubangela ukulungiswa okubizayo okanye ukutshintshwa, kunye nabathengi abangonelisekanga abanokuthi bathandabuze ukuthenga evenkileni kwakhona.

Ukufuma kungangena kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki ngokusebenzisa izikhewu ezincinci, ezifana nee-charging ports, ii-headphone jacks, kunye nee-seams. Xa sele zingaphakathi, zinokubangela i-oxidation yezixhobo zesinyithi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqhubeni kombane kakubi kwaye ekugqibeleni kuphele ukungasebenzi kwezixhobo. Uthuli, okwangoku, lunokuvala ii-ports kunye nee-vents, luthintele ukuhamba komoya kwaye lubangele ukuba izixhobo zishushu kakhulu. Ukufudumala okugqithisileyo kunokuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kunye nobomi bezixhobo ze-elektroniki, kunciphisa ukusebenza kwazo kwaye kunokubangela umonakalo ongunaphakade. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, ukuqokelelana kothuli kunokukhokelela kwi-short circuits, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba izixhobo zingasebenzi ngokupheleleyo.

Amasuntswana othuli amancinci, ingakumbi lawo anobubanzi obungaphantsi kwe-10 micrometers (PM10), anokungena ngokulula kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki aze ahlale kwiindawo ezinobuthathaka ezifana neebhodi zesekethe kunye neefeni. Ukubakho kothuli kunokutsala umswakama, nto leyo eyonyusa ingxaki yokugqwala.

Izitena zetyuwa ezibekwe kwiindawo ze-elektroniki zisebenza njengendlela yokuzikhusela ethembekileyo. Zifunxa umswakama ogqithisileyo emoyeni ojikelezileyo, zidala imeko-bume eyomileyo nekhuselayo ekhusela izixhobo ze-elektroniki ekonakaleni okunxulumene nomswakama. Ngokugcina umgangatho womswakama ophantsi, izitena zetyuwa zinceda ekuthinteleni ukugqwala kwezinto zangaphakathi, ziqinisekisa ixesha elide kunye nokuthembeka kwezinto ze-elektroniki. Ngaphezu koko, ezi zitena zibamba amasuntswana othuli, ziwathintela ekungeneni kwiindawo zezixhobo okanye ukuhlala kwiindawo zangaphakathi. Oku kunceda ukugcina izixhobo zicocekile kwaye zingenazo inkunkuma, zigcina ukusebenza kwazo kwaye zandise ubomi bazo.

Ukusebenza kakuhle kwezitena zetyuwa kumacandelo e-elektroniki kunokuphuculwa ngakumbi ngokuzidibanisa nezinye iindlela zokukhusela. Umzekelo, ukubeka izixhobo kwiindawo zokubonisa ezivaliweyo kunye nezitena zetyuwa kunokudala imeko-bume elawulwa ngakumbi. Ukongeza, ukusebenzisa iingxowa ezichasene nokunganyakazi ukugcina izinto ze-elektroniki kunokongeza kwiimpawu zokunciphisa uthuli zezitena zetyuwa.

Ukuze sikubone oku, cinga ngevenkile yezixhobo ze-elektroniki yabathengi kwindawo exakekileyo yasezidolophini. Le venkile ifumana rhoqo imbuyekezo ngenxa yezixhobo ezingasebenzi kakuhle ezibangelwa kukungena komswakama kunye nokuqokelelwa kothuli. Emva kokufaka izitena zetyuwa kufutshane neendawo zokugcina izinto, inani lembuyekezo enxulumene nomonakalo ongqongileyo lehle ngama-40%. Oku akugcini nje ngokusindisa ivenkile imali eninzi kwiindleko zokulungisa nokutshintsha kodwa kwaphucula nolwaneliseko lwabathengi kunye nodumo lophawu. Ngokukhusela izixhobo ze-elektroniki kumswakama kunye nothuli, izitena zetyuwa zinceda abathengisi ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokubuyiselwa kwemveliso kunye nokulungiswa kwayo, zibongela imali kwaye ziphucula ulwaneliseko lwabathengi.

Ukuze zisebenze kakuhle, izitena zetyuwa zinokubekwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwiindawo zokuthengisa. Umzekelo, ukuzibeka kufutshane neerakhi zempahla, ngaphakathi okanye kufutshane neekheyisi zokubonisa ze-elektroniki, okanye kwiikona apho umswakama nothuli kudla ngokuqokelelana khona kunokuvelisa iziphumo ezintle kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izitena zetyuwa zibekwe kwiindawo ezinomoya ococekileyo ukuvumela ukujikeleza komoya okuphezulu, njengoko oku kuya kuphucula amandla azo okufunxa umswakama. Ukongeza, kunokuba luncedo ukujikelezisa izitena zetyuwa rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa ngokulinganayo kokufunxa umswakama kunye nokubanjwa kothuli. Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili zezitena zetyuwa kukuba aziphazamisi. Ziyimfihlo kwaye azithathi ndawo ingako, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuzidibanisa noyilo lwevenkile ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukuhamba kwabathengi okanye ukuboniswa kweempahla. Umbala wazo ongathathi cala kunye noyilo olulula nazo zizenza zibe nomtsalane, zivumela ukuba zixubane kakuhle nomhombiso wevenkile.

Enye inzuzo ebalulekileyo yezitena zetyuwa kukuba azidingi mbane okanye izihluzi ukuze zisebenze. Ngokungafaniyo nezihluzi-moya ze-elektroniki, izitena zetyuwa azidingi mbane okanye izihluzi ukuze zisebenze. Zisisisombululo sendalo nesizinzileyo esifuna ukutshintshwa rhoqo xa zigcwele umswakama. Oku kuzenza zibe lukhetho olungabizi kakhulu kubathengisi, njengoko zinokonga iindleko zamandla kunye neendleko zokuthenga nokutshintsha izihluzi. Ukongeza, izitena zetyuwa zinobomi obude, zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluthembekileyo kwiimpahla ixesha elide. Oku kuzenza zibe lutyalo-mali olufanelekileyo kubathengisi abafuna ukuphucula imeko-bume yevenkile yabo kunye nokukhusela uluhlu lwabo lwezinto ezixabisekileyo.

Ukuqukumbela, izitena zetyuwa zibonelela ngesisombululo sendalo, esisebenzayo, nesingabizi kakhulu sokwenza ngcono imeko-bume yevenkile. Ngokujongana nemiba eqhelekileyo yokufuma nothuli, zinceda ukukhusela iimpahla, ukugcina umgangatho wemveliso, kunye nokuphucula amava okuthenga apheleleyo kubathengi. Indalo yazo engabonakaliyo, iimfuno eziphantsi zokugcinwa, kunye nokusebenza okuhlala ixesha elide kuzenza zibe lukhetho olufanelekileyo kubathengisi abafuna ukuphucula ukusebenza kunye nomtsalane weevenkile zabo. Ngokutyala imali kwizitena zetyuwa, abathengisi abanakukhusela kuphela uluhlu lwabo lwezinto kodwa bakhulisa ulwaneliseko lwabathengi, bandise intengiso, kwaye ekugqibeleni baphucule umgangatho wabo. Njengoko ishishini lokuthengisa liqhubeka nokukhula kwaye lijongene nemingeni emitsha, ukusetyenziswa kwezisombululo ezintsha ezifana nezitena zetyuwa kuya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni impumelelo kunye nokuzinza kwamashishini okuthengisa.