Izinto eziphambili zerabha emnyama nezendalo ezenziweyo zokwakhiwa kwendlela kunye nokusetyenziswa kwengca eyenziweyo
Inkcazo emfutshane:
Iigranule zerabha zifumaneka ikakhulu kwiitayara zenkunkuma esetyenzisiweyo kunye nezinye iimveliso zerabha, zidlula kwiinkqubo ezifana nokutyunyuzwa koomatshini kunye nokuguqulwa kweekhemikhali ukwenza amasuntswana anobukhulu obahlukeneyo. Ezi zinto ziguquguqukayo ziye zafumana ingqalelo ebanzi kumashishini amaninzi ngenxa yeempawu zazo zomzimba ezizodwa kunye neenzuzo ezingabizi kakhulu.
Kwicandelo lokwakhiwa kweendlela, ii-granules zerabha zidlala indima ebalulekileyo nengenakutshintshwa ekuguquleni i-asphalt nasekuphuculeni ukusebenza okubanzi kwendlela yokuhamba ngeenyawo. Xa zidityaniswe ngokulinganayo ne-bitumen, ii-granules zerabha aziphuculi nje kuphela ukuthamba kunye nokumelana nokuguquguquka kwemixube ye-asphalt kakhulu kodwa zikwaphucula nokukwazi kwemixube ukumelana nemithwalo yezithuthi eziphindaphindwayo, ngaloo ndlela zinciphisa ukuvela kwe-ruts, ukuqhekeka, kunye nemingxuma phantsi kotshintsho olukhulu lobushushu—nokuba kukubhaka kubushushu obuphezulu ehlotyeni okanye ukubanda okuphantsi kobushushu ebusika. I-asphalt enjalo eguquliweyo ibonisa ukumelana nokudinwa okuphezulu kunye nokumelana nomonakalo wamanzi, okunokwandisa ubomi benkonzo iyonke yeendlela nge-30% ukuya kwi-50% xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zendabuko ze-asphalt. Uvavanyo olukhulu lwakutshanje kwiiprojekthi zokuvalwa kweendlela zasemaphandleni kwimimandla emininzi lubonise ukuba ukufaka ii-granules zerabha njengezinye izinto ezithatha indawo akunciphisi nje kuphela ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zendalo kodwa kunciphisa neemfuno zokugcinwa kwaye kususe ukukhutshwa kothuli, kuzisa iingenelo ezibonakalayo nezibonakalayo kuhambo lwabemi basekuhlaleni nakubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ukulungiswa kwe-asphalt yerabha kufuna ulawulo oluchanekileyo lobushushu bokuxuba, ixesha lokuxuba, kunye nezinye iimeko ezibalulekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukusasazeka okufanayo kwee-granules zerabha kwi-matrix ye-bitumen, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa imiphumo yazo yokuphucula ukusebenza kunye nokuphepha ukuhlangana kwendawo okunokuchaphazela umgangatho wendlela.
Izakhiwo zemidlalo nezokuzonwabisa zimele enye indawo enkulu nekhula ngokukhawuleza yokusetyenziswa kwee-granules zerabha. Njengesixhobo esiphambili sokugcwalisa ingca yokwenziwa, ii-granules zerabha zizalisa izikhewu phakathi kwee-fibers zerabha zokwenziwa, zibonelela ngendawo yokudlala ethambileyo, efunxa ukuthuthumela, nengatyibilikiyo. Oku akuphuculi nje kuphela ukhuseleko lwabadlali ngexesha lemidlalo—okunciphisa ngempumelelo umngcipheko wokuwa nokwenzakala—kodwa kuphucula namava okudlala ngokubanzi ngokulinganisa imvakalelo yengca yendalo. Ii-granules zerabha ezinemibala, ezicutshungulwa ngokongeza imibala enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo ngexesha lokuveliswa kwaye zifumaneka ngemibala eyahlukeneyo ecacileyo efana noluhlaza, obomvu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nomthubi, zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekwakheni iimbaleki zokubaleka, amabala ebhola ekhatywayo, iinkundla zetenisi, kunye neendawo zemidlalo zabantwana. Ezi granules zerabha ezinemibala azihlangabezani nje neemfuno zobuhle kunye nokusebenza kweendawo zemidlalo kodwa zikwanazo neempawu ezintle ezifana nokumelana nokuguguleka, ukhuseleko lwe-UV, ukubambezeleka komlilo, kunye nokumelana nemozulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umbala kunye nokusebenza komphezulu wendawo kuhlala kuzinzile ixesha elide. Iigranule zerabha ze-EPDM, uhlobo oluthile lweegranule zerabha ezenziweyo ezisebenza kakuhle, zithandwa kakhulu kwiindawo zemidlalo zobungcali ngenxa yokumelana kwazo okubalaseleyo kwe-oxidation, ukumelana ne-ozone, kunye nokuguquguquka kobushushu obuphantsi. Nokuba phantsi kweemeko ezinzima zokusingqongileyo ezifana nemitha enamandla ye-ultraviolet, imvula enkulu, kunye nomahluko omkhulu wobushushu, iigranule zerabha ze-EPDM zinokugcina ukuqina kwazo kwesakhiwo kunye nozinzo lokusebenza, ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwexesha elide kweendawo zemidlalo.
Iitekhnoloji zokuvelisa iigranule zerabha ziyaqhubeka nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha, kunye nokutyumza ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokutyumza okubandayo okuphantsi kobushushu kube zezona ndlela ziphambili kushishino. Itekhnoloji yokutyumza ngokwasemzimbeni, edla ngokuquka iinkqubo ezinje ngokutyumza amatayara, ukwahlulwa kwentsimbi yentsimbi, kunye nokutyumza, isetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yenkqubo yayo evuthiweyo kunye neendleko eziphantsi zemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, inokubangela ukuguga okuncinci kwerabha ngenxa yobushushu bokungqubana obuveliswa ngexesha lokutyumza. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, itekhnoloji yokutyumza okubandayo okuphantsi kobushushu isebenzisa i-nitrogen engamanzi ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza irabha emdaka ibe kwimeko yokuqhekeka, ize iyityumze ibe ziigranule. Le ndlela inciphisa ukuguga kwerabha ngexesha lokucubungula, ivelise iigranule ezineemilo eziqhelekileyo, ubungakanani obufanayo bee-particle, kunye neendawo ezirhabaxa ezinokunamathelana ngakumbi nezinye izinto. Emva kokutyumza kokuqala, iinkqubo ezilandelayo zokubeka kunye nokuhlola, ezisebenzisa izihluzo ezininzi zee-meshes ezahlukeneyo, zihlela iigranule zerabha zibe zii-size ezahlukeneyo ukuze zivumelane ngokuchanekileyo neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa—umzekelo, iigranule zerabha ezincinci ezinobukhulu bee-particle ezingaphantsi kwe-1mm zifanelekile ukuguqulwa kwe-asphalt, iigranule eziphakathi ze-1-3mm zisetyenziselwa ukuzaliswa kwengca yokwenziwa, kwaye iigranule ezinkulu ezingaphezulu kwe-3mm zisetyenziselwa ukuzaliswa kwesiseko sendlela kunye nokufakwa kwee-shock absorption layers. Ukongeza, iiteknoloji zokuguqula iikhemikhali ezifana nokusebenza komphezulu kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-grafting zonyusa ngakumbi ukuhambelana kunye namandla okubopha phakathi kwee-granules zerabha kunye ne-bitumen, izinto ze-polymer, kunye nezinye izinto ezisisiseko, ziphucula ukusebenza ngokubanzi kwezinto ezidityanisiweyo kwaye zandisa imida yokusetyenziswa kwee-granules zerabha.
Imarike yeegranule zerabha kwihlabathi liphela ikhula ngokuzinzileyo nangokuzinzileyo, iqhutywa kukukhula kotyalo-mali lokwakha iziseko zophuhliso zehlabathi, ukwanda okuqhubekayo kokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zemidlalo nezolonwabo, kunye nogxininiso olukhulayo ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kweetayara zenkunkuma. UMntla Melika neYurophu zihlala ziyimarike eziphambili zeegranule zerabha, ngenxa yeenkqubo zazo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwakhona kweenkunkuma ezivuthiweyo, imigaqo engqongqo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nemfuno ephezulu yezibonelelo zemidlalo ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Kule mimandla, ukusetyenziswa kweegranule zerabha ekwakhiweni kweendlela nakwiindawo zemidlalo zobungcali kusemgangathweni ophezulu. Okwangoku, ummandla waseAsia-Pacific ubonisa ukukhula okuqinileyo nokukhawulezayo, okukhuthazwa yinkqubo ekhawulezayo yokukhula kwezixeko, ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi yeendlela ezinkulu, kunye nokuthandwa okukhulayo kwemisebenzi yezemidlalo kumazwe asakhasayo afana neTshayina, iIndiya, kunye namazwe aseMzantsi-mpuma Asia. Abadlali abaphambili kwimarike yehlabathi yeegranule zerabha bagxile kubuchule bobuchwephesha ukuphucula umgangatho wemveliso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso, kunye nokwandiswa kwamandla ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemarike ezikhulayo. Intsebenziswano kushishino nayo ibe yindlela ephambili—ababoneleli bezinto eziluhlaza, amashishini emveliso, kunye neenkampani zezicelo ezisezantsi baqinisa intsebenziswano ukuze baphucule uthotho lokubonelela, bajongane nokwahluka kwezinto eziluhlaza zeetayara zenkunkuma, kwaye bakhuthaze ngokubambisana ukubekwa emgangathweni kunye nokuphuculwa kweshishini legranule zerabha.
Nangona zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwaye zinamandla amakhulu emarike, ii-granules zerabha zisajongene nemingeni ethile kunye nemiqobo kwinkqubo yophuhliso lwemizi-mveliso. Omnye wemingeni ephambili kukulawula ivumba ngexesha lokucubungula kunye nokusetyenziswa. Ngexesha lokuveliswa kwee-granules zerabha, ingakumbi iinkqubo zokucubungula ezishushu kakhulu, kwaye xa zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezishushu kakhulu ezifana nemiphezulu yendlela yasehlotyeni okanye kwiindawo zemidlalo ezivaliweyo, ii-granules zerabha zinokukhupha iikhompawundi ze-organic eziguquguqukayo, nto leyo ebangela ivumba elibi elichaphazela amava omsebenzisi. Omnye umceli mngeni omkhulu kukwenziwa ngcono komthamo kwimixube eyahlukeneyo. Umthamo ofanelekileyo wee-granules zerabha uyahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yokusetyenziswa—umzekelo, umthamo ekuguqulweni kwe-asphalt wahlukile kulowo ufakwe kwingca yokwenziwa, kwaye umthamo ogqithisileyo okanye owaneleyo unokuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kweemveliso zokugqibela, njengokunciphisa amandla okuhamba kwendlela okanye ukunciphisa isiphumo sokufunxwa komothuko. Oku kufuna uphando oluqhubekayo olunzulu kunye nenani elikhulu lokuqinisekiswa kovavanyo ukumisela umlinganiselo ochanekileyo ofanelekileyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa. Ukongeza, ukusekwa kwemigangatho yoshishino edibeneyo nenegunya kunye neendlela zovavanyo kuhlala kungumsebenzi ongxamisekileyo kwihlabathi liphela.
I-Zeolite ligama eliqhelekileyo leeminerali ze-zeolite, oluluhlobo lweminerali ye-alkali okanye ye-alkaline earth metal aluminosilicate enamanzi. Zingaphezulu kweentlobo ezingama-40 ze-zeolite zendalo ezifunyenweyo kwihlabathi liphela, phakathi kwazo i-clinoptilolite, i-mordenite, i-rhombic zeolite, i-maozeolite, i-calcium cross zeolite, i-schistose, i-turbidite, i-pyroxene kunye ne-analcite zezona zixhaphakileyo. I-Clinoptilolite kunye ne-mordenite zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Iiminerali ze-Zeolite zeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zekristale, uninzi lwazo zi-fibrous, hairy kunye ne-columnar, kwaye ezimbalwa ziyi-plate okanye i-short columnar.
I-Zeolite ineempawu zokutshintshiselana kwee-ion, ukufunxa kunye nokwahlukana, i-catalysis, ukuzinza, i-chemical reactivity, i-reversible dehydration, i-conductivity, njl. Ii-Zeolite ziveliswa ikakhulu kwiimfanta okanye ii-amygdaloids zamatye entaba-mlilo, zihlala kunye ne-calcite, i-pith kunye ne-quartz, kwaye nakwi-pyroclastic sedimentary rocks kunye ne-hot spring deposits.
I-Zeolite powder luhlobo lwe-zeolite yendalo, eluhlaza nomhlophe okhanyayo. Ingasusa i-95% ye-ammonia nitrogen emanzini, icoce umgangatho wamanzi kwaye inciphise ukudluliswa kwamanzi.
Ukwakheka kweekhemikhali (%)
| I-SiO2 | AL2O3 | I-Fe2O3 | I-TiO 2 | I-CaO | I-MgO | K 2 O | I-LOI |
| 62.87 | 13.46 | 1.35 | 0.11 | 2.71 | 2.38 | 2.78 | 12.80 |
Izinto ezincinci (PPm)
| Ca | P | Fe | Cu | Mn | Zn | F | Pb |
| 2.4 | 0.06 | 165.8 | 2.0 | 10.2 | 2.1 | <5 | <0.001 |
Isicelo
Isongezelelo:Ngokongeza i-5.0% (150 mesh) ye-clinoptilolite powder ekutyeni kweentlanzi, izinga lokusinda kunye nezinga lokukhula kwe-grass carp linokwandiswa nge-14.0% kunye ne-10.8%.
Umphuhlisi:Ingasusa i-95% ye-ammonia nitrogen kwaye icoce umgangatho wamanzi.
Umthwali:I-Zeolite ineemeko ezahlukeneyo ezisisiseko zokuthwala kunye nokuxuba ii-premixes ezongezelelweyo. I-pH engathathi hlangothi ye-zeolite iphakathi kwe-7-7.5, kwaye umxholo wayo wamanzi yi-3.4-3.9% kuphela. Ngaphezu koko, akulula ukuchaphazeleka kukufuma kwaye inokufunxa amanzi kumxube wetyuwa engaphiliyo kunye nezinto eziqulathe amanzi ekristale, ukuze kuphuculwe ukugeleza kokutya.
Umxube wekhonkrithi:Umgubo we-zeolite uqulethe ubungakanani obuthile be-silica esebenzayo kunye ne-silica trioxide, enokuthi iphendule kwimveliso emanzi ye-calcium hydroxide yesamente ukuze yenze into eqinisayo.
Iphakheji
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